Pap smear

Answer 1

Definition

A Pap smear is an examination under the microscope of cells scraped from the tip of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.

Alternative Names

Papanicolaou test

How the test is performed

The Pap smear is done as part of a gynecological exam. You will lie on a table and place your feet in stirrups to position your pelvis for examination. The health care provider will insert an instrument (speculum) into your vagina and open it slightly to see inside the vaginal canal.

The health care provider will take a sample of cells from the outside and just inside the opening of the cervix (cervical canal) by gently scraping the outside of the cervix with a wooden or plastic spatula, then inserting a small brush that looks like a pipe cleaner into the canal.

The cells are placed on a glass slide, or put in a bottle containing a preservative, and then sent to the lab for examination.

How to prepare for the test

Tell your health care provider if you:

• Are taking any medications or Birth Control pills
• Have had an abnormal Pap smear
• Might be pregnant

Within 24 hours of the test, avoid:

• Douching
• Having intercourse
• Taking a tub bath
• Using tampons

Avoid scheduling your Pap smear while you have your period (are menstruating), because blood and cells from the uterus may affect the accuracy of the Pap smear. Empty your bladder just before the test.

How the test will feel

You may have some discomfort, similar to menstrual cramps, and a feeling of pressure during the procedure. You may bleed a little bit after the test.

Why the test is performed

The Pap smear can detect cancerous or precancerous conditions of the cervix. Most invasive cancers of the cervix can be detected early if women have Pap tests and pelvic examinations.

Screening should start within 3 years after first having vaginal intercourse or by age 21. After the first test:

• Woman should have a Pap smear ever 2 years to check for Cervical cancer.
• If you are over age 30 or your Pap smears have been negative for 3 times in a row, your doctor may tell you that you only need a Pap smear every 3 years.
• If you or your sexual partner have other new partners, then you should have a Pap smear every 2 years.
• After age 65-70, most women can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had three negative tests within the past 10 years.
• If you have a new sexual partner after age 65, you should begin having Pap smear screening again.

Women who have had a total hysterectomy (uterus and cervix removed) and have not had any previous history of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cells), cervical cancer, or any other kind of pelvic cancer, may not need to have Pap smears.

Normal Values

A normal value is negative, meaning there are no abnormal cells present.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

What abnormal results mean

The current system divides the abnormal results into these main areas:

• ASCUS or AGUS (atypical cells of uncertain significance): These changes may be due to infection with HPV but may also mean there are precancerous changes present.
• LSIL (low-grade dysplasia) or HSIL (high-grade dysplasia): This means precancer changes are likely to be present; the risk of cancer is greater if the result is HSIL.
• Carcinoma in situ (CIS): This usually means the abnormal changes are likely to progress to cancer.
• Atypical squamous cells (ASC-H): This means abnormal changes have been found and may be HSIL.
• Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cell changes are seen that suggest precancer of the upper part of the cervical canal or inside the uterus.

When a Pap smear shows abnormalities, further testing or follow-up is needed. The next step depends on the results of the Pap smear, your previous history of Pap smears, and risk factors you may have for cervical cancer.

This may include:

• Colposcopy-directed biopsy
• An HPV test to check for the presence of the HPV virus types most likely to cause cancer

For minor cell changes, doctors usually recommend having a repeat Pap smear in 3-6 months.

What the risks are

There are no risks involved.

Special considerations

The Pap smear test is not 100% accurate. Cervical cancer may be missed in a small number of cases. Fortunately, cervical cancer develops very slowly in most women and follow-up Pap smears should identify worrisome changes in time for treatment.

The following drugs may affect Pap smears:

• Colchicine
• Compounds in cigarettes
• Estrogen
• Podophyllin
• Progestins
• Silver nitrate

References

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 99: management of abnormal cervical cytology and histology. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(6):1419-1444.

ACOG Committee on Gynecological Practice. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 109: Cervical Cytology Screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1409-1420.

Noller KL. Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vulva): etiology, screening, diagnostic techniques, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap. 28.

Answer 2

Definition

A Pap smear is a microscopic examination of cells scraped from the opening of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina.

It is a screening test for cervical cancer.

Alternative Names

Papanicolaou test

How the test is performed

You will lie on a table and place your feet in stirrups. The health care provider will insert an instrument (called a speculum) into the vagina and open it slightly to see inside the vaginal canal. Cells are gently scraped from the cervix area, and sent to a lab for examination.

How to prepare for the test

Tell your health care provider if you:

• Are taking any medications or birth control pills
• Have had an abnormal Pap smear
• Might be pregnant

Avoid the following for 24 hours before the test:

• Douching
• Having intercourse
• Taking a bath
• Using tampons

Avoid scheduling your Pap smear while you have your period (are menstruating), because it may affect the accuracy of the Pap smear. If you are having abnormal bleeding, your doctor may still recommend you have the test done.

Empty your bladder just before the test.

How the test will feel

A Pap smear may cause some discomfort, similar to menstrual cramps. You may also feel some pressure during the exam.

You may bleed a little bit after the test.

Why the test is performed

The Pap smear is a screening test for cervical cancer. Most cervical cancers can be detected early if women has routine Pap smears and pelvic examinations.

Screening should start at age 21. After the first test:

• Woman should have a Pap smear ever 2 years to check for cervical cancer.
• If you are over age 30 or your Pap smears have been negative for 3 times in a row, your doctor may tell you that you only need a Pap smear every 3 years.
• If you or your sexual partner have other new partners, then you should have a Pap smear every 2 years.
• After age 65-70, most women can stop having Pap smears as long as they have had three negative tests within the past 10 years.
• If you have a new sexual partner after age 65, you should begin having Pap smear screening again.

You may not need to have a Pap smear if you have had a total hysterectomy (uterus and cervix removed) and do not have a history of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cells), cervical cancer, or other pelvic cancer.

Normal Values

A normal (negative) value means there are no abnormal cells present.

Note: Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.

What abnormal results mean

Abnormal results are grouped as follows:

• ASCUS or AGUS (atypical cells of uncertain significance): These changes may be due to HPV infection, but may also mean there are precancerous changes.
• LSIL (low-grade dysplasia) or HSIL (high-grade dysplasia): This means precancerous changes are likely to be present; the risk of cervical cancer is greater with HSIL.
• Carcinoma in situ (CIS): This usually means the abnormal changes are likely to progress to cancer.
• Atypical squamous cells (ASC–H): This means abnormal changes have been found and may be HSIL.
• Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cell changes are seen that suggest precancer of the upper part of the cervical canal or inside the uterus.

When a Pap smear shows abnormal changes, further testing or follow-up is needed. The next step depends on the results of the Pap smear, your previous history of Pap smears, and risk factors you may have for cervical cancer.

This may include:

• Colposcopy-directed biopsy
• An HPV test to check for the presence of the HPV virus types most likely to cause cancer

For minor cell changes, doctors usually recommend having a repeat Pap smear in 3-6 months.

Special considerations

The Pap smear test is not 100% accurate. Cervical cancer may be missed in a small number of cases. Fortunately, cervical cancer develops very slowly in most women and follow-up Pap smears should identify worrisome changes in time for treatment.

Make sure your doctor knows about all the medicines you are taking. Some, including estrogen and progestins, may affect the result of your Pap smear.

References

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 99: management of abnormal cervical cytology and histology. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(6):1419-1444.

ACOG Committee on Gynecological Practice. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 109: Cervical Cytology Screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Dec;114(6):1409-1420.

Cervical cancer in adolescents: screening, evaluation, and manage- ment. Committee Opinion No. 463. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116:469–72.

Noller KL. Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vulva): etiology, screening, diagnostic techniques, management. In: Katz VL, Lentz GM, Lobo RA, Gershenson DM. Comprehensive Gynecology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:chap. 28.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 02/28/2011

Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Medical Director, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington, School of Medicine; Susan Storck, MD, FACOG, Chief, Eastside Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Bellevue, Washington; Clinical Teaching Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington School of Medicine. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.