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Who introduced tanks in ww1?

The development of tanks in World War I began as a solution to the stalemate which trench warfare had brought to the western front. The first prototype of the Mark I tank was tested for the British Army on 8 September 1915. Although initially termed "land ships" by the British Army, initial vehicles were referred to as "water-carriers" (then shortened to "tanks") to preserve secrecy.While the British took the lead in tank development, the French were not far behind and fielded their first tanks in 1917. The Germans, on the other hand, were slower to develop tanks, concentrating on anti-tank weapons.Initial results were mixed, with reliability problems causing considerable attrition rates during combat deployment and transit. The heavily bombed-out terrain was impassable to conventional vehicles, and only highly mobile tanks such as the Mark I and FTs performed reasonably well. The Mark I's rhomboid shape meant it could navigate larger obstacles, especially long trenches, better than many modern armoured fighting vehicles.Along with the tank, the first self-propelled gun and the first armoured personnel carrier were also introduced in World War I (the Mark V* tank was built with space inside for a small squad of infantry).Contents[hide] 1 Conceptual roots of the tank2 The Landships Committee3 Trial by fire4 French developments5 Battle of Cambrai6 Villers-Bretonneux: tank against tank7 See also8 Notes and references9 Further reading10 External linksConceptual roots of the tankSee also: History of the tank Mark II; tank no. 799 captured near Arras on 11 April 1917.A German-captured British tank in 19171917: British tanks captured by the Germans being transported by railGerman forces using captured British Mark IVs during the Second Battle of the Marne.The conceptual roots of the tank arguably go back to ancient times, with strange siege engines and the like. The famous 'tank' design of Leonardo da Vinci marked the first attempt at workable concept but was never brought beyond paper drawings. Whether it influenced anything later is unknown. With the coming of the Industrial Revolution and the demonstrable power of steam, it was not too long before James Cowan presented his proposal for a Steam Powered Land Ram in 1855, towards the end of the Crimean War. Looking like a helmet on 'footed' Boydell wheels, early forerunners of the Pedrail wheel and caterpillar track, it was essentially an armoured steam tractor equipped with cannon and (shades of Boudica) rotating scythes sprouting from the sides. Lord Palmerston is said to have dismissed it as 'barbaric', but in truthlooks, it was mechanically impractical.David Roberts tracked steam tractorHornsby tractorArtillery tractors (here a Holt tractor) were in use in the French Army in 1914-1915. Here, in the Vosges, Spring 1915.From 1904 to 1909, David Roberts, the engineer and managing director of Hornsby & Sons of Grantham, built a series of tractors using his patented 'chain-track' which were put through their paces by the British Army, a (small) section of which wanted to evaluate artillery tractors. At one point, in 1908, a perceptive officer remarked to Roberts that he should design a new machine with armour, capable of carrying its own gun. But, disheartened by years of ultimately fruitless tinkering for the Army, Roberts failed to take up the idea.An Austrian engineer, Gunther Burstyn, inspired by Holt tractors, designed a tracked armoured vehicle in 1911 carrying a light gun in a rotating turret; equipped also with hinged 'arms', two in front and two at the rear, carrying wheels on the ends to assist with obstacles and trenches, it was a very forward-looking design, if rather small. The Austrian government said it would be interested in evaluating it if Burstyn could secure commercial backing to produce a prototype. Lacking the requisite contacts, he let it drop. An approach to the German government was similarly fruitless.In 1912, A South Australian, Lancelot De Mole, submitted a proposal to the British War Office for a "chain-rail vehicle which could be easily steered and carry heavy loads over rough ground and trenches". De Mole made several more proposals to the War Office after 1912, in 1914 and 1916, with a culminating proposal in late 1917, accompanied by a huge one-eighth scale model, yet all fell on substantially deaf ears. De Mole's proposal already had the climbing face, so typical of the later World War I British tanks, but it is unknown whether there was some connection. Inquiries from the government of Australia, after the war, yielded polite responses that Mr. De Mole's ideas had unfortunately been too advanced for the time to be properly recognised at their just value. The Commission on Awards to Inventors in 1919, which adjudicated all the competing claims to the development of the tank, recognised the brilliance of De Mole's design, even considering that it was superior to the machines actually developed, but due to its narrow remit, could only make a payment of £987 to De Mole to cover his expenses. As an aside, De Mole noted in 1919 that he was urged by friends before the war to approach the Germans with his design, but declined to do so for patriotic reasons. French armored car: the Charron-Girardot-Voigt 1902.Before World War I, motorized vehicles were still relatively uncommon, and their use on the battlefield was initially limited, especially of heavier vehicles. Armoured cars soon became more commonplace with most belligerents, especially in more open terrain. In fact, on August 23, 1914, the French Colonel Estienne, later a major proponent of tanks, declared: Messieurs, la victoire appartiendra dans cette guerre à celui des deux belligérants qui parviendra le premier à placer un canon de 75 sur une voiture capable de se mouvoir en tout terrain ("Gentlemen, the victory will belong, in this war, to the one of the two belligerents who will be the first to succeed in mounting a 75 mm gun on a vehicle capable of moving in all types of terrain").Armoured cars did indeed prove useful in open land such as in deserts, but were not very good at crossing obstacles (e.g. trenches, barriers) or in more challenging terrain. The other issue was that it was very hard to add much protection or armament.The main limitation was the wheels, which gave a high ground pressure for the vehicle's weight. This could be solved by adding more wheels, but unless they also were driven, the effect was to reduce traction on the powered wheels. Driving extra wheels meant more drive train weight; in turn requiring a larger and heavier engine to maintain performance. Even worse, none of this extra weight was put into an improvement of armour or armament carried, and the vehicles were still incapable of crossing very rough terrain.The adoption of caterpillar tracks offered a new solution to the problem. The tracks spread the weight of the vehicles over a much greater area, which was all used for traction to move the vehicle. The limitation on armour and firepower was no longer ground pressure but the power and weight of the power-plant.The remaining issue was how to utilise and configure a vehicle, which would be figured out first by the Landship Committeeand Inventions Committee. A variety of other concepts would be combined, such as special steel for armour, a climbing face for the tracks, and weapons mounted in rotating turrets.Major General Swinton with Benjamin Holt in Stockton, California relaying England's gratitude, to the inventor for helping to win World War I.But before this could happen some individual would have to set the entire process into motion. This person was to be Major Ernest Dunlop Swinton RE, British official war correspondent serving in France in 1914. Swinton recounts in his book Eyewitness how he first got the sudden idea to build a tank on October 19, 1914, while driving a car in northern France. It is known however that he in July 1914 received a letter from a friend, the South-African engineer Hugh Merriot, asking his attention for the fact that armoured tractors might be very useful in warfare. November 1914 Swinton suggested the idea of an armoured tracked vehicle to the military authorities, by sending a proposal to Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Hankey. Hankey in turn tried to interest Lord Kitchener in the idea; when this failed he sent in December a memorandum to the Committee of Imperial Defence, of which he was himself the secretary; First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill was one of the members. Hankey proposed to build a gigantic steel roller, pushed by tracked tractors, to shield the advancing infantry. Churchill in turn on January 5 wrote a note to Prime Minister Herbert Asquith, in which he warned that the Germans might any moment introduce a comparable system. A worried Asquith now ordered Kitchener to form the Inventions Committee headed by General Scott-Moncrieff to study the development of armoured vehicles; this committee concluded however in February 1915 that such vehicles were wholly impractical and advised not to develop any.The Landships CommitteeWinston Churchill however decided that if the Army wouldn't take up the idea, the Navy should proceed independently, even if it were to exceed the limits of his competence. He created - against the objections of his bewildered subordinates - a Landships Committee in February 1915, initially to investigate designs for a massive troop transporter. As a truer picture of front-line conditions was developed the aims of the investigation changed. Together with the older Inventions Committee a requirement was formulated for an armoured vehicle capable of 4 mph (6 km/h), climbing a 5 feet (1.5 m) high parapet, crossing an 8 feet (2.4 m) wide gap, and armed with machine guns and a light artillery piece. A similar proposal was working its way through the Army GHQ in France and in June the Landship Committee was made a joint service venture between the War Office and the Admiralty. The Naval involvement in AFV design had originally come about through the Royal Naval Air Service Armoured Car Division, the only British unit fielding AFVs in 1914; surprisingly until the end of the war most experimentation on heavy land vehicles would be done by Naval air service unit N°20. The Russian Tsar Tank At first protecting heavy gun tractors with armour appeared the most promising line of development. Alternative early 'big wheel' designs on the lines of the Russian Czar tank of 1915 were soon understood to be impractical. However, adapting the existing Holt Company caterpillar designs - the only robust tracked tractors available in 1915 - into a fighting machine, as France, Germany and the United States did, was decided against as Holt indicated to be unable to deliver a sufficient number for extended mass production. While armour and weapon systems were easy to acquire, other existing caterpillar and suspension units were too weak and existing engines were notably underpowered for the armoured behemoths that the designers had in mind. The Killen-Strait tractor with three tracks was used for the first experiments in June but was much too small to be developed further. The large British Pedrail monotrack vehicle proved to be unsuitable. Trials to couple two small American Bullock tractors failed. There also were considerable differences of opinion between the several committee members. Col R.E.B. Crompton, a veteran military engineer and electrical pioneer, drafted numerous designs with Lucien Legros for armoured troop carrying vehicles and gun-armed vehicles, to have used either Bullock tracks or variants of the Pedrail. At the same time, Lt Robert Macfie, of the RNAS, and Albert Nesfield, an Ealing-based engineer, devised a number of armoured tracked vehicles, which incorporated an angled front 'climbing face' to the tracks. The two men were to fall out bitterly as their plans came to nought, Macfie in particular pursuing a vendetta against the other members of the Landships Committee after the war.Little Willie showing its rear steering wheelsTo resolve the threatened dissipation of effort, it was ordered in late July that a contract was to be placed with William Foster & Co. Ltd, a company having done some prewar design work on heavy tractors and known to Churchill from an earlier experiment with a trench-crossing supply vehicle, to produce a proof-of-concept vehicle with two tracks, based on a lengthened Bullock tractor chassis. Construction work began three weeks later. A Mark I (Big Willie), moving from left to right. The highly rhomboidal shape allowed it to climb tall obstacles. Photo by Ernest Brooks.Fosters of Lincoln built the 14 ton "Little Willie", which first ran on 8 September. Powered by a 105 hp (78 kW) Daimler engine, the 10-foot-high (3.0 m) armoured box was initially fitted with a low Bullock caterpillar. A rotating top turret was planned with a 40 mm gun but abandoned due to weight problems, leaving the final vehicle unarmed and little more than a test-bed for the difficult track system. Difficulties with the commercial tracks supplied led to Tritton designing a completely new track system different from, and vastly more robust than, any other system then in use. The next design by Lieutenant Walter Gordon Wilson RNAS, a pre-war motor engineer, added a larger track frame to the hull of "Little Willie". In order to achieve the demanded gap clearance a rhomboidal shape was chosen-stretching the form to improve the track footprint and climbing capacity. To keep a low centre of gravity the rotating turret design was dropped in favour of sponsons on the sides of the hull fitted with naval 6-pounder (57 mm) guns. A final specification was agreed on in late September for trials in early 1916, and the resulting 30 ton "Big Willie" (later called "Mother") together with "Little Willie" underwent trials at Hatfield Park on 29 January and 2 February. Attendees at the second trial included Lord Kitchener, Lloyd George, Reginald McKenna and other political luminaries. On 12 February an initial order for 100 "Mother" type vehicles was made, later expanded to 150.Although landship was a natural term coming from an Admiralty committee, it was considered too descriptive and could give away British intentions. The committee therefore looked for an appropriate code term for the vehicles. Factory workers assembling the vehicles had been told they were producing "mobile water tanks" for desert warfare in Mesopotamia. Water Container was therefore considered but rejected because the committee would inevitably be known as the WC Committee (WC meaning water closet was a common British term for a toilet). The term tank, as in water tank, was in December 1915 finally accepted as its official designation. From then on, the term "tank" was established among British and also German soldiers, but rejected by the French. While in German Tank specifically refers to the World War I type (as opposed to modern Panzer), in English, Russian and other languages the name even for contemporary armoured vehicles is still based on the word tank. A German propaganda photograph showing a British tank destroying a treeLegend has it that after completion, the tanks were shipped to France in large wooden crates. For secrecy and in order to not arouse any curiosity, the crates and the tanks themselves were then each labelled with a destination in Russian for Petrograd. In fact the tanks were never shipped in crates: the inscription in Russian was applied on the hull for their transport from the factory to the first training centre at Thetford.The first fifty had been delivered to France on 30 August. They were 'male' or 'female', depending upon whether their armament was the 57 mm gun or only multiple smaller Hotchkiss or Vickers machine guns. The crew was eight, four of whom were needed to handle the steering and drive gears. The tanks were capable of 6 km/h (4 mph), matching the speed of marching infantry with whom they were to be integrated to aid in the destruction of enemy machine guns.After the war, The Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors decided that the inventors of the Tank were Sir William Tritton, managing director of Fosters and Major Walter Gordon Wilson.Trial by fireThe Schneider CA1 the first French tank. Tanks were used in France in 1916, but they were found to have faults in their design. The main problem was the inability of the tanks to mobilize over the terrain. Tanks consisted of a crew with a commander, driver, two steer men, and four gunners[1].The first use of tanks on the battlefield was the use of 49 British Mk.I tanks at the Battle of the Somme (1916) on 15 September 1916, with mixed, but still impressive results as many broke down but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through. Of the forty-nine tanks shipped to the Somme, only thirty-two were able to begin the first attack in which they were used, and nine made it across "no man's land" to the German lines. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough, and the number was small, but their use gave important feedback on how to design newer tanks, the soundness of the concept, and their potential to affect the course of the war. On the other hand, the French Army was critical of the British employment of small numbers of tanks at this battle. They felt the British had sacrificed the secrecy of the weapon while employing it in numbers too small to be decisive.The Mark I's were capable of performing on the real battlefield of World War I, one of the most difficult battlefield terrains ever. They did have reliability problems, but when they were working they could cross trenches or craters of 9 feet (2.7 m) and drive right through barbed wire. It was still common for them to get stuck, especially in larger bomb craters, but overall the rhomboid shape allowed for extreme terrain mobility. Splatter mask used by tank crews in World War OneMost World War I tanks could travel only at about a walking pace at best. Their steel armour could stop small arms fire and fragments from high-explosive artillery shells.However they were vulnerable to a direct hit from artillery and mortar shells. The environment inside was extremely unpleasant; the atmosphere was contaminated with poisonous carbon monoxide, fuel and oil vapours from the engine and cordite fumes from the weapons as ventilation was inadequate. Temperatures inside could reach 50°C (122°F). Entire crews lost consciousness or became violently sick when again exposed to fresh air.To counter the fumes inside and the danger of bullet splash or fragments and rivets knocked off the inside of the hull, the crew wore helmets with goggles and chainmail masks. Gas masks were also standard issue, as they were to all soldiers at this point in the war (see chemical warfare). The side armour of 8 mm initially made them largely immune to small arms fire, but could be penetrated by the recently developed armour-piercing K bullets. There was also the danger of being overrun by infantry and attacked with grenades. The next generation had thicker armour, making them nearly immune to the K bullets. In response, the Germans developed a larger purpose-made anti-tank rifle, and also a Geballte Ladung("Bunched Charge")-several regular stick grenades bundled together for a much bigger explosion.Engine power was a primary limitation on the tanks; the roughly one hundred horsepower engines gave a power-to-weight ratio of 3.3 hp/ton (2.5 kW/ton). By the end of the 20th century, power-to-weight ratios exceeded 20 hp/ton (15 kW/ton).Many feel that because the British Commander Field Marshal Douglas Haig was himself a horse cavalryman, his command failed to appreciate the value of tanks. In fact, horse cavalry doctrine in World War I was to "follow up a breakthrough with harassing attacks in the rear", but there were no breakthroughs on the Western Front until the tanks came along. Despite these supposed views of Haig, he made an order for 1,000 tanks shortly after the failure at the Somme and always remained firmly in favour of further production.In 1919, Major General Sir Louis Jackson said: "The tank was a freak. The circumstances which called it into existence were exceptional and not likely to recur. If they do, they can be dealt with by other means."[2]French developmentsRenault FT-17 tanks being operated by the US Army in France. Light tanks with a crew of only two, these were mass-produced during World War I. France at the same time developed its own tracked AFVs, but the situation there was very different. In Britain a single committee had coordinated design, and had to overcome the initial resistance of the Army, while the major industries remained passive. Almost all production effort was thus concentrated into the Mark I and its direct successors, all very similar in shape. In France, on the other hand, there were multiple and conflicting lines of development which were badly integrated, resulting in three major and quite disparate production types. A major arms producer, Schneider, took the lead in January 1915 and tried to build a first armoured vehicle based on the Baby Holt tractor but initially the development process was slow until in July they received political, even presidential, support by combining their project with that of a mechanical wire cutter devised by engineer and politician Jean-Louis Bréton. In December 1915, the influential Colonel Estienne made the Supreme Command very enthusiastic about the idea of creating an armoured force based on these vehicles; strong Army support for tanks would be a constant during the decades to come. Already in January and February 1916 quite substantial orders were made, at that moment with a total number of 800 much larger than the British ones. French St. Chamond tanks had long bodies with a lot of the vehicle projecting forward of the short caterpillar tracks, making them more liable to get ditched in trenches.Army enthusiasm and haste would have its immediate drawbacks however. As a result of the involvement of inexperienced army officers ordered to devise a new tank based on the larger 75 hp Holt chassis in a very short period of time, the first French tanks were poorly designed with respect to the need to cross trenches and did not take the sponson-mounting route of the British tanks. The first, the Char Schneider CA equipped with a short 75 mm howitzer, had poor mobility due to a short track length combined with a hull that overhung front and rear. It was unreliable as well; a maximum of only about 130 of the 400 built were ever operational at the same time. Then industrial rivalry began to play a detrimental role: it created the heavy Char St Chamond, a parallel development not ordered by the Army but approved by government through industrial lobby, which mounted much more impressive weaponry - its 75 mm was the most powerful gun fielded by any operational tank up till 1941 - but also combined many of the Schneider CA's faults with an even larger overhanging body. Its innovative petro-electrical transmission, while allowing for easy steering, was insufficiently developed and led to a large number of breakdowns. The FT-17, the first "modern" tankBut industrial initiative also led to swift advances. The car industry, already used to vehicle mass production and having much more experience in vehicle layout, in 1916 designed the first practical light tanks, a class largely neglected by the British. It would be Renault's excellent small tank design the FT-17 (which won out over a Peugeot model), incorporating a proper climbing face for the tracks, that was the first tank to incorporate a top-mounted turret with a full rotation. In fact the FT was in many respects the first truly 'modern' tank having a layout that has been followed by almost all designs ever since: driver at the front; main armament in a fully-rotating turret on top; engine at the rear. Previous models had been "box tanks", with a single crowded space combining the role of engine room, fighting compartment, ammunition stock and driver's cabin. The FT-17 would have the largest production run of any tank of the war, with over 3700 built, more numerous than all British tanks combined. That this would happen was at first far from certain; some in the French army lobbied for the alternative mass production of super-heavy tanks. Much design effort was put in this line of development resulting in the gigantic Char 2C, the most complex and technologically advanced tank of its day. Its very complexity ensured it being produced too late to participate in World War I and in the very small number of just ten, but it would be the first tank with a three-man turret; the heaviest to enter service until late in World War II and still the largest ever operational.French production at first lagged behind the British. After August 1916 however, British tank manufacture was temporarily halted to wait for better designs, allowing the French to overtake their allies in numbers. When the French used tanks for the first time on 16 April 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, they had four times more tanks available. But that would not last long as the offensive was a major failure; the Schneiders and chars St Chamond (which saw their first action on 5 May) didn't have the ability to cross trenches as the British could and were torn to pieces by concentrated German artillery fire.Battle of CambraiCanadian FT-17 tanks advancing in Battle of Cambrai The first really successful use of tanks came in the Battle of Cambrai in 1917. British Colonel J.F.C. Fuller, chief of staff of the Tank Corps, planned the battle. The tanks made an unprecedented breakthrough but, as ever on the Western front, the opportunity was not exploited. Ironically, it was the soon-to-be-supplanted horse cavalry that had been assigned the task of following up the motorised tank attack.Tanks became more effective as the lesson of the early tanks was absorbed. The British produced the Mark IV in 1917. Similar to the early Marks in appearance, its construction was considered to produce a more reliable machine, the long-barrelled naval guns were shortened (the barrels of the earlier, longer, guns, being prone to digging in the mud when negotiating obstacles) and armour was increased just enough to defeat the standard German armour-piercing bullet.The continued need for five men to drive the tank was solved with the Mark V which used Wilson's epicyclic gearing in 1918. Also in 1918 the French produced the Renault FT-17, the result of a co-operation between Estienne and Louis Renault. As mentioned before, it had the innovative turret position, and was operated by two men. At just 8 tons it was half the weight of the Medium A Whippet but the version with the cannon had more firepower. It was conceived for mass production, and the FT would become the most produced tank of World War I by a wide margin with over 4,500 made, being also used and produced by the Americans.In July 1918, the French used 480 tanks (mostly FTs) in 1918 at the Battle of Soissons, and there were even larger assaults planned for 1919. The Entente had hoped to commit over 30,000 tanks to battle in that year.Villers-Bretonneux: tank against tankGerman A7V tank at Roye on March 21, 1918. WWI tanks helping the Allies with an advance in Langres, France (1918)Main article: Second Battle of Villers-BretonneuxThe German General Staff did not have enthusiasm for the tank, but allowed the development of anti-tank weapons. Regardless, development of a German tank was underway. The only project to be produced and fielded was the A7V, although only fifteen A7Vs were built. The majority of the roughly hundred or so tanks fielded by Germany were captured British and French vehicles. A7Vs were captured by the Allies, but they were not used, and most ended up being scrapped.The first tank-versus-tank battles took place 24 April 1918. It was an unexpected engagement between three German 7Vs and three British Mk. IVs at Villers-Bretonneux.Fuller's Plan 1919 involving massive use of tanks for an offensive, was never used because the blockade of Germany and the entry of the US brought an end to the war. The plan itself would become the inspiration for German blitzkrieg tactics in World War II. As a military planner and later journalist, Fuller continued to develop his doctrine of using tanks supported by infantry to break through enemy lines to attack communications in the rear.Finally, in a preview of later developments, the British developed the Whippet. This tank was specifically designed to exploit breaches in the enemy front. The Whippet was faster than most other tanks, although it carried only machinegun armament. Postwar tank designs would reflect this trend towards greater tactical mobility.By 1918, the Germans had learned to deal with tanks. At the Battle of Amiens (1918) 72% of the Allied Tank Corps was destroyed in the first 4 days. 41.4% of all British tanks had been destroyed by the 64th day. On November 5th, there were only 8 tanks left in the British tank corps.[3]

What are the names of the battleships that sank in World War 2 and where did it sink?

The battleships listed are grouped according to how they came to be sunk in their final resting place. In each category, they are listed in chronological order by date sunk.Sunk in CombatThe following battleships were destroyed in full combat. These ships are considered war graves. NavarinSunk after striking either one or two mines, or being torpedoed during or the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 619 officers and men lost. Only three sailors were rescued after 4 days in the water.Location: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanSisoi VelikiyScuttled by her crew after sustaining heavy damage during the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 619 men lost.Location: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanOslyabyaSunk at the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 515 men lost, with 250 survivors rescuedLocation: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanBorodinoSunk at the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 865 officers and men lost, only one sailor survivedLocation: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanImperator Aleksandr IIISunk at the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 867 officers and men lost; no survivorsLocation: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanKnyaz SuvorovSunk at the Battle of Tsushima on May 28, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 935 officers and men lostLocation: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanAdmiral UshakovSunk at the Battle of Tsushima on May 29, 1905.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 94 men lost, with 328 survivors rescuedLocation: Tsushima Strait, Sea of JapanHMS IrresistibleIrresistible sinking Struck a mine on March 18, 1915, while participating in the final attempt to force the Dardanelles straits.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: Very fewLocation: In the Dardanelles straits, TurkeyCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged and scavenged, with ship remains scattered.HMS OceanStruck a mine and also hit by shore batteries March 18, 1915, while participating in the final attempt to force the Dardanelles straits.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: In the Dardanelles straits, TurkeyCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged and scavenged, with ship remains scattered.BouvetStruck a mine and also hit by shore batteries March 18, 1915, while participating in the final attempt to force the Dardanelles straits.Navy: Marine NationaleCasualties: Over 600 menLocation: In the Dardanelles straits, TurkeyCondition: Rests at 70 meters, only her propellers were salvaged.HMS GoliathTorpedoed by Turkish torpedo boat Muavenet-i Milliye on May 13, 1915, while supporting the Battle of Gallipoli.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 570 men out of a crew of 700Location: Near Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula, TurkeyCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged and scavenged, with ship remains scattered.SMS PommernTorpedoed by destroyer HMS Faulknor during Battle of Jutland on June 1, 1916. The torpedo hit was followed by a massive explosion in one of her magazines, and the ship broke apart and sank quickly.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineCasualties: All hands, 839 men.Location: North SeaCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged.Relics: The bow ornament is now in the Laboe Naval Memorial.BismarckThe Final Battle , 27 May 1941. Surrounded by shell splashes Bismarck burns on the horizon Sunk on May 27, 1941 following an extensive naval battle against British battleships, aircraft, cruisers, destroyers, and aircraft carriers. Heavily shelled by battleships and cruisers, and also torpedoed by aircraft and destroyers. The German survivors reported that the heavily damaged ship was finally scuttled to prevent capture.Navy: KriegsmarineCasualties: Almost 2100 men lost, with 115 survivorsLocation: North AtlanticCondition: Upright in 15,500 feet (4,700 m) of water and in surprisingly good condition.USS ArizonaUSS Arizona's forward magazines explode Destroyed by Japanese aerial bombing on December 7, 1941 during the Attack on Pearl Harbor.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Pearl Harbor, Oahu, HawaiiCasualties: 1,177 dead out of 1,400 crewmenStatus: Official war grave site with the premier Pearl Harbor memorial built over the sunken hull. Still an active grave site, eligible Pearl Harbor veterans continue to be interred within the hull.Condition: The Arizona was partially salvaged, with removal of almost all the superstructure, turrets, and guns. Following salvage and removal, the remaining hull is completely submerged, with the exception of one barbette, part of a mast, and the cutaway sides of one turret. Since the hull contains thousands of gallons of fuel oil, the hull corrosion rate is being actively studied.Relics: A section of the boat deck has been placed at Waipio Point, Oahu, Hawaii. This amidships section had served as a ceremonial platform on the wreck but was cut away to make room for the overlying memorial. One of the ship's bells is at the University of Arizona, and its anchor sits on the grounds of the Arizona State Capitol.USS UtahThe USS Utah Capsizing Destroyed by Japanese aerial torpedoes on December 7, 1941 during the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The Utah had been downgraded from a battleship and converted to a combined gunnery training ship and radio-controlled target ship. It has been speculated that Japanese planners had assigned the Utah a low priority as a target, but that the extensive wooden planking covering the Utah's decks had misled Japanese pilots into believing that the ship was a high-priority aircraft carrier.Navy: United States NavyCasualties: 58 dead and 461 survivorsLocation: Pearl Harbor, Oahu, HawaiiStatus: Official war grave site with small memorial nearby on Ford Island.Condition: The Utah was capsized during the attack, and was partially salvaged but not recovered. The wreck was later partially righted and pulled closer to shore and away from the channel. The wreck is almost completely submerged, with a small amount of highly-corroded superstructure visible above the surface.HMS Prince of WalesHMS Prince of Wales was attacked and sunk by aerial torpedoes from Japanese aircraft off the coast of Malaya on December 10, 1941, while deployed in defense of Singapore. The battlecruiser HMS Repulse was sunk in the same engagement. The Prince of Wales was the first battleship to be sunk by aircraft while at sea and under fire.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 327 dead out of 1,612 crewmenLocation: Near Kuantan in MalaysiaStatus: Official war grave site.Condition: Upside down in 150 feet (46 m) of water.Relics: The ship's bell was recovered, restored, and is now displayed in the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool.RomaThe first capital ship to be sunk by guided missiles. Destroyed by German bomber-launched 'Fritz-X' missiles on September 9, 1943, while en route to surrender to the Allies.Navy: Marina MilitareLoss: 1350 killed and 596 survivorsLocation: Near Sardinia in Mediterranean SeaMusashiMusashi under attack at the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 24 October 1944. Destroyed by US naval aircraft on October 24, 1944, at the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: 1,376 survivors out of 2,399 menLocation: Sibuyan Sea, Pacific OceanFusōDestroyed along with her sister ship Yamashiro on October 25, 1944, at the Battle of Surigao Strait. Split in half after being torpedoed by US destroyers. The bow section was sunk by gunfire from the USS Louisville.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: No known survivors out a crew of approximately 1,400 officers and men. After the sinking, survivors refused rescue by US warships. Any survivors who successfully swam to the nearby island were likely killed by Philippine inhabitants resisting Japanese occupation.Location: Near Kanihaan Island, Surigao Strait, Pacific OceanYamashiroDestroyed along with her sister ship Fusō on October 25, 1944, at the Battle of Surigao Strait. Wrecked first by gunfire from US battleships, her hulk was sunk after being torpedoed by US destroyers.There is some discussion among historians about the small possibility that the positions and roles of the sister ships Fusō and Yamashiro were reversed during their last battle. The Battle of Surigao Strait was fought at night and at some distance between the battleship combatants. There were very few Japanese survivors. To date, there has been no scientific survey of the wrecks that would resolve the debate.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLoss: 10 survivors out of approximately 1,400 men.Location: Surigao Strait, Pacific OceanTirpitzThe Tirpitz capsized in 1944. Sunk on November 12, 1944 by the Royal Air Force using special 5-ton bombs. Near the wreck-site there are artificial lakes along the shore formed from bomb craters from the giant Tallboy bombs that missed their target.Navy: KriegsmarineCasualties: Approximately 1000 men lost, with approximately 700 survivorsLocation: Håkøybotn Bay, NorwayCondition: Only the bow remains after most of the ship was raised and scrapped after the war.Relics: Sections of armor plates are still used by the Norwegian Road Authority as temporary road surface material during roadwork. Additionally, a large chunk of the armor plating is held at the Royal Naval museum in Gosport, Hampshire.YamatoYamato explodes Destroyed while on a one-way mission to interdict American landings on Okinawa. Torpedoed and bombed by US naval aircraft on April 7, 1945.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: 280 survivors out of approximately 2,778 menLocation: East China SeaCondition: Broken in two and resting in 1,400 feet (430 m) of water. The bow section is upright and the main section upside down.Relics: 18-inch ammunition is displayed at the Yasukuni Shrine. Some small relics have been collected from the wreck by remote-control submarines.Sunk by Torpedoes or MinesThe following battleships were destroyed in wartime, but struck below the waterline with torpedoes or mines. These ships are considered war graves. PetropavlovskSunk after striking a mine on April 13, 1904, early in the Russo-Japanese war.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 650 officers and men lost. 80 survivors. Ship sank in 2 minutes.Location: Off Port Arthur (modern Lüshunkou), Yellow SeaYashimaStruck a Russian mine on May 15, 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: Off Port Arthur, ChinaRelics: A highly detailed builder's model still survives and is currently on display at the Royal Hospital School Holbrook in Suffolk, England.HatsuseStruck two Russian mines on May 15, 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: 38 officers and 458 men lost, with 23 officers and 313 men survivingLocation: Off Port Arthur, ChinaHMS AudaciousStruck a mine on October 27, 1914, becoming the first British battleship sunk in World War I.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: None from the HMS Audacious, though a crewman of the HMS Liverpool was struck and killed by debris from an explosion on Audacious.Location: Off Donegal, IrelandCondition: Upside down in 210 feet (64 m) of water. Large openings blown in the hull from magazine explosions and the mine.HMS FormidableTorpedoed by U-boat on January 1, 1915, while participating in gunnery exercises in the English Channel.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 547 dead out of 780 menLocation: Near Portland in the English ChannelStatus: Official war grave site.HMS TriumphTorpedoed by U-21 on May 25, 1915, while supporting the Battle of Gallipoli.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 73 dead out of 700 menLocation: Near Gaba Tepe, Gallipoli Peninsula, TurkeyCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged and scavenged, with ship remains scattered.HMS MajesticHMS Majestic sinking Torpedoed by U-21 on May 27, 1915, while supporting the Battle of Gallipoli.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 49 menLocation: Near Cape Helles, Gallipoli Peninsula, TurkeyCondition: Reported to have been heavily salvaged and scavenged, with ship remains scattered.Heireddin Barbarossa - Previously SMS Kurfürst Friedrich WilhelmTorpedoed by British submarine HMS E11 on August 8, 1915.Navy: Ottoman Empire NavyCasualties: 253 menLocation: Dardanelles, TurkeyHMS King Edward VIIStruck a mine on January 6, 1916.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: In Pentland Firth on the northern coast of ScotlandCondition: Upside down in 350 feet (110 m) of water. In generally good condition.HMS RussellStruck a mine on April 27, 1916.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 120 menLocation: Off Grand Harbour of Valletta, Malta in Mediterranean Sea.Condition: Upside down in 350 feet (110 m) of water. In generally good condition.SuffrenDestroyed by U-52 with a dramatic torpedo hit in a magazine on November 26, 1916.Navy: Marine NationaleLoss: All hands, 648 menLocation: Off Lisbon in the Atlantic Ocean.GauloisTorpedoed by U-47 on December 27, 1916.Navy: Marine NationaleLocation: Between the islands of Milos and Kythira in the Aegean Sea.Peresvet- Later Sagami - Later Cruiser PeresvetPeresviet sunk in Port Arthur. Sunk twice by two different enemies. First sunk at her moorings by Japanese Army artillery during the Siege of Port Arthur. Raised and repaired by the Japanese and incorporated into the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Sagami. Purchased by Russia in April 1916 and renamed Peresvet. She was due to be the ship of the Russian Arctic Sea Flotilla but was sunk a second time while en route by mines laid by the U-73 outside Port Said, Egypt on 4 January 1917.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties (1917): 261 officers and men lost.Location: Off Port Said, Egypt, in Mediterranean Sea.HMS CornwallisTorpedoed by U-32 on January 9, 1917.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 15 menLocation: Off Malta in Mediterranean Sea.DantonTorpedoed by U-64 on March 19, 1917.Navy: Marine NationaleLoss: Some reports indicate 396 crew lost and with 806 survivors. Other reports reverse the figures.Location: 30 miles (48 km) south of Sardinia in Mediterranean Sea.SMS Viribus UnitisSunk by mines attached by Italian frogmen riding manned torpedoes on November 1, 1918.Navy: Austro-Hungarian NavyCasualties: Approximately 300 menLocation: Pula, Adriatic SeaCondition: Partially salvaged, some parts remain on the bottom.SMS Szent IstvánSunk by two torpedoes launched from the Italian MAS-15 Motor Torpedo Boat on June 10, 1918 while on sortie in the Adriatic Sea.Navy: Austro-Hungarian NavyCasualties: 89 menLocation: Near the island of Premuda, Adriatic SeaCondition: Upside down in 200 feet (61 m) of waterRelics: Brass name plate and other relics on display in a museum in Pula.HMS BritanniaTorpedoed by U-50 on November 9, 1918. The last Royal Navy vessel to be sunk during World War I.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 51 menLocation: Off Cape TrafalgarAlfonso XIIICausing confusion among historians, Alfonso XIII was renamed España after her sistership España ran aground and sank off Morocco. Alfonso XIII struck a mine and sank near Santander in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.Navy: Spanish NavyHMS Royal OakTorpedoed by U-47 on October 14, 1939, with loss of 833 men.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: Over 800 menLocation: Scapa FlowStatus: Official war grave site.Condition: Upside down in 100 feet (30 m) of water. In relatively good condition. The presence of hundreds of thousands of gallons of fuel oil led to a special recovery effort to remove the leaking oil to prevent a major environmental problem. The presence of a large amount of deteriorated high explosive has been of concern.Relics: The ship's bell is the centerpiece to a memorial at St Magnus' Cathedral in Kirkwall.HMS BarhamHMS Barham explodes as her 15-inch (380 mm) magazine ignites, 25 November 1941. Torpedoed by U-331 on November 25, 1941, while steaming to cover an attack on Italian convoys.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 862 dead and 296 survivorsLocation: Off Egyptian coast in Mediterranean SeaAsahiTorpedoed by USS Salmon on May 25, 1942. This early British-built pre-Dreadnaught had been repeatedly converted into other ship types, and was serving as a transport.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: 16 men lost and 583 survivorsLocation: Off Cape Paderan, VietnamKongōTorpedoed by USS Sealion on November 21, 1944. The first super-dreadnought type battlecruiser of the Imperial Japanese Navy, and upgraded to a battleship rating in the 1930s. Kongō was the only battleship sunk by a submarine in the Pacific War, and the last battleship ever sunk by a submarine.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: About 1250 men lost and 237 survivorsLocation: Taiwan StraitOther ShipsThe Chilean battleship Almirante Cochrane, under construction, was purchased by the British, completed as an aircraft carrier, and christened HMS Eagle. Ending an illustrious combat career, she was torpedoed by U-73 and sunk near Majorca.The Japanese Yamato-class battleship Shinano was converted to and completed as a super-carrier. While en-route from her builder's yard at Yokosuka to Kure for outfitting, she was torpedoed and sunk by USS Archer-Fish.Lost At SeaThe following battleships were lost at sea for reasons other than combat. HMS VictoriaRammed and sunk by HMS Camperdown in one of the most famous warship collisions in history on June 22, 1893.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 358 dead and 357 survivorsLocation: Mediterranean Sea off Tripoli, LebanonCondition: Most unusually, HMS Victoria stands vertically with her bow and three quarters of her length buried in the mud and her stern pointing directly upwards towards the surface. The unusual attitude of this wreck is thought to have been due to the heavy ram in the bow, the heavy single turret forward, and the still-turning propellers driving the wreck downwards in the mud.GangutSank on June 12, 1897 after hitting an uncharted pinnacle rock.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: NoneLocation: Near Björkö in the Gulf of Finland.HMS MontaguRan aground and amongst rocks in fog due to poor navigation on May 30, 1906. The ship could not be pulled off the rocks, so was stripped and abandoned in place.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: Off the island of Lundy, EnglandCondition: Time and tide have broken up the ship. The waters offshore are reported to be full of armor plate sections and 12-inch (300 mm) ammunition.HMS BulwarkDestroyed by an ammunition and magazine explosion on November 26, 1914.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 14 survivors out of 750 crewmenLocation: Estuary of River Medway in Kent, EnglandStatus: Official war grave site.Condition: Ship was heavily destroyed at the time of the explosion.HMS VanguardDestroyed by a magazine explosion on July 9, 1917.Navy: Royal NavyCasualties: 2 survivors and 843 deadLocation: Scapa FlowStatus: Official war grave site.Relics: A porthole is displayed in the Scapa Flow Visitor Centre and Museum at Lyness.HMS Prince GeorgeRan aground while in tow on the way to be broken up on December 28, 1921. Stripped and left in place as a breakwater.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: Just off the beach at Camperdown, NetherlandsCondition: Awash in the surf and clearly visible from shore.FranceCapsized and sank on August 26, 1922, after being sliced open by an uncharted rock in a well-travelled bay. Heavily salvaged and then abandoned.Navy: Marine NationaleLocation: In Quiberon BayCondition: Heavily salvaged, only some leftover materials remain.EspañaRan aground in fog off the coast of Morocco in August 28, 1923. Stripped and abandoned in place.Navy: Spanish NavyLocation: Cape Tres Forcas, MoroccoMutsuDestroyed by an unexplained magazine explosion on June 8, 1943.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: Approximately 1,100 men lost and 350 survivorsLocation: Off Oshima, JapanCondition: Upside down in 135 feet (41 m) of water. Wreck was extensively salvaged in the 1970s.Relics: Many artifacts are displayed at the Mutsu Memorial Museum in Tôwa Chô on Oshima Island. A main gun, anchor, propellor, and rudder are displayed in a Brick Park at Kure. The complete number 4 turret is on display at the former naval academy at Etajima, while one of the 140 mm secondary guns is displayed at the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. One 16-inch (410 mm) gun is on display at the Museum of Maritime Science, Shinigawa, Tokyo.USS OklahomaDestroyed by Japanese aerial torpedoes on December 7, 1941 during the infamous surprise air raid on Pearl Harbor. The Oklahoma remained as a capsized wreck in Pearl Harbor for over a year. Following a herculean engineering effort, the hull of the Oklahoma was righted and refloated to help clear the harbor. The decision was made to scrap the ship, and the hulk was being towed to San Francisco in 1947 when it sank at sea.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Pacific Ocean, approximately 500 miles (800 km) from San Francisco Bay. Exact location unknown.Relics: An anchor is displayed in downtown Oklahoma City, only a few blocks from the memorial park at the site of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal building.São PauloWhile being towed across the Atlantic to be scrapped in Britain in 1951, the tow lines snapped in a gale, and the ship was never seen again.Navy: Brazilian NavyLocation: Atlantic Ocean, approximately 150 miles (240 km) from the Azores. Exact location unknown.Novorossiysk- Previously Giulio CesareAfter World War II, the Italian battleship Giulio Cesarewas ceded to the Soviet Union as compensation for war damages. Destroyed in an external explosion on October 29, 1955, while moored in Sevastopol Bay. The reason remains unclear. Official investigation pointed at two possible reasons: 1) that the ship was destroyed by a magnetic naval mine, laid by the Germans several years earlier during World War II (most accepted explanation); 2) or it was diversion by combat divers.Navy: Soviet NavyLoss: 608 menLocation: Sevastopol Bay in Black SeaScuttled in Deep WaterThe following battleships were intentionally sunk while not engaged in battle. SevastopolScuttled in 1904 during the Siege of Port Arthur, to prevent the ship falling into Japanese hands.Navy: Russian NavyLocation: White Wolf Bay, near Lüshun, ChinaUSS MaineWreckage of the Maine, 1898 The first US battleship, the Maine was destroyed in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898 by a mysterious explosion. At the time, this was believed to have been caused by a Spanish attack using a mobile mine, which precipitated the Spanish-American war. After years as a wreck and navigational hazard, the wreck was refloated, investigated, towed out to sea, and sunk with ceremony in 1912.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Gulf of MexicoRelics: The foremast serves as a memorial as the US Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. The mainmast and an anchor serve as a memorial in Arlington National Cemetery. The bow shield and scroll decorations serve as part of a memorial in Bangor, Maine. One gun overlooks the harbor in Portland, Maine. One anchor was moved to City Park in Reading, Pennsylvania. A memorial cast from remnants of the Maine, together with a mortar shell, commemorates a former University of Notre Dame student, John Henry Shillington, who died in the explosion. The midship 6-inch (150 mm) guns are on outdoor display at the Washington Navy Yard and Naval Station Anacostia.HMS HoodScuttled in Portland harbor on November 4, 1914 to block the Southern Ship Channel from penetration by U-boats or torpedoes.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: Portland HarbourCondition: Upside down in 60 feet (18 m), forming part of a breakwater.MassénaScuttled off the Gallipoli Peninsula on November 10, 1915 to form a breakwater.Navy: Marine NationaleLocation: Off Sedd-al Bahr, near Cape Helles at the end of the Gallipoli PeninsularSMS KönigScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineLocation: Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, North SeaCondition: Upside down in 120 feet (37 m) of water. The hull has been blasted open to enable past salvage operations.SMS Kronprinz WilhelmScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineLocation: Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, North SeaCondition: Upside down in 120 feet (37 m) of water. The hull has been blasted open to enable past salvage operations.SMS MarkgrafScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineLocation: Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands, North SeaCondition: Upside down in 130 feet (40 m) of water. The hull has been blasted open to enable past salvage operations.RostislavScuttled on November 16, 1920 by the White Forces during the Russian Civil War to block the Kerch Strait. The wreckage was later raised and scrapped.Navy: Russian NavyLocation: Black Sea, Kerch StraitHMS CenturionScuttled of the coast of Normandy on June 7, 1944 as a blockship to protect one of the artificial harbors installed as part of the D-Day invasion.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: Off Avranches, Normandy, FranceCourbetScuttled of the coast of Normandy on June 9, 1944 as a blockship to protect one of the artificial harbors installed as part of the D-Day invasion.Navy: Marine NationaleLocation: Off Ouistreham, Normandy, FranceSMS SchlesienScuttled at Swinemünde on May 4, 1945, to prevent capture by the Soviets. Used as a stationary target by the Soviet military. Later partialled salvaged.Navy: KriegsmarineLocation: Baltic Sea at Świnoujście, PolandCondition: Portions of the wreck were reported to still be visible as late as the 1980s.SMS Schleswig-HolsteinSunk twice near the end of World War II. Bombed and sunk in shallow water in Gdynia on December 19, 1944. Raised and moved by the Soviets, she was eventually scuttled again and served as a stationary target for the Soviet military.Navy: KriegsmarineLocation: Near Osmussaar Island in the Baltic SeaCondition: Portions of the wreck are reported to still exist.Relics: Ship's bell reported to be displayed at the German Army Museum in Dresden.Expended as TargetsThe following battleships were intentionally sunk as targets. While cheaper disposable targets were conventionally used to maintain crew proficiencies, destructive testing was commonly used to validate theories about armor, ammunition, or tactics in real circumstances. USS TexasThe second US battleship, the Texas was a victorious veteran of the Spanish-American war. Converted to a bombardment target and renamed the San Marcos, she was sunk in 1911 by other US battleships, including the USS Kansas.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Tangier Sound, Chesapeake BayHMS Empress of IndiaSunk as a gunnery target in 1913.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: Lyme Bay near Portland BillCondition: Upside down in 150 feet (46 m). Generally in good condition, though a large opening in the hull was made to salvage engine room equipment.HocheSunk as a target on November 25, 1913.Navy: Marine NationaleIki - Previously Imperator Nikolai IBuilt as the Russian Imperator Nikolai I, but captured by the Japanese. Expended as a gunnery target and sunk by the battleships Kongō and Hiei on October 3, 1915.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: ?USS MassachusettsConverted to a static target, she was scuttled in 1921 off Fort Pickens, from which she was bombarded for years. Designated an artificial reef in 1993.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Fort Pickens State Aquatic Preserve, Pensacola Bay, FloridaCondition: Right side up on bottom in shallow water. Surprisingly intact considering location and history. Tops of gun turrets awash in swells.SMS OstfrieslandOstfriesland bombed by aircraft Sunk by aerial bombing on July 21, 1921 as part of Billy Mitchell's demonstration of airpower against seapower.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineLocation: Atlantic Ocean about 60 miles (97 km) off the Virginia CapesSMS BadenHer crew attempted to scuttle her at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919, but she was beached and saved by the British. Converted by the British into a target, she was subjected to a carefully studied series of bombardment tests, and finally sunk by British battleships.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineLocation: Off Portsmouth in 600 feet (180 m) of waterSMS Prinz EugenTransferred to France at the end of WWI as a war prize. Used by the French as an aircraft target and for destructive underwater testing. Finally sunk as a gunnery target on June 28, 1922 by the French battleships France, Jean Bart, and Paris.Navy: Austro-Hungarian NavyLocation: Near ToulonUSS IowaConverted to the first radio-controlled target ship, she was sunk by the USS Mississippi in 1923.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Panama Bay, PanamaUSS VirginiaConverted to a target for aerial bombing tests, she was sunk as part of Army Air Corps bombing exercises in 1923.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Off Cape Hatteras, North CarolinaUSS New JerseyConverted to a target for aerial bombing tests, she was sunk as part of Army Air Corps bombing exercises in 1923.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Off Cape Hatteras, North CarolinaHizen - Previously RetvizanSunk at least twice while serving in two different navies. Originally built in U.S.A. for the Russian Imperial Navy as the Retvizan. She was present at the Battle of Port Arthur where she was torpedoed by Japanese destroyers, ran aground and later repaired. After suffering moderate damage during the Battle of the Yellow Sea, she became trapped in Port Arthur and sunk at her moorings by Japanese army artillery on 6 December 1904, during the Siege of Port Arthur.Retvizan was raised by the Japanese, repaired, and renamed Hizen. She served in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I, was retired in 1923 and sunk as a target in 1924.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: Bungo Channel, JapanIwami - Previously OryolOriginally built by the Russian Imperial Navy as the Oryol. She was present at the Battle of Tsushima where she was lightly damaged by gunfire. Oryol was captured by the Japanese, repaired, improved, and renamed Iwami. She served in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I, was retired in 1923 and sunk as a target on July 10, 1924. Oryol was the last battleship to surrender on the high seas.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: ?AkiExpended in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty on September 7, 1924. Sunk by gunfire from the Nagato and Mutsu in the presence of Crown Prince and all the Japanese military heads.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: Off Nojimasaki, southern Boso Peninsula, ChibaSatsumaExpended in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty on September 7, 1924. Sunk by gunfire from the Kongō and Hyūga.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: Northeast of MiyakejimaHMS MonarchConverted to a target ship and sunk as a gunnery target by HMS Revenge on January 20, 1925.Navy: Royal NavyLocation: ?USS ArkansasUSS Arkansas, Nagato, USS Pennsylvania, and other warships in Operation Crossroads Event Baker explosion Converted to a target for atomic bombing tests in Bikini Atoll, she survived an aerial atomic bomb test but was sunk following a submerged atomic bomb test on July 25, 1946.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Bikini AtollNagatoConverted to a target for atomic bombing tests in Bikini Atoll, she survived an aerial atomic bomb test but was sunk following a submerged atomic bomb test on July 25, 1946.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyLocation: Bikini AtollUSS PennsylvaniaConverted to a target for atomic bombing tests in Bikini Atoll, she survived both the aerial atomic bomb test and the submerged atomic bomb test in 1946. She was towed to Kwajalein Lagoon for studies, and sunk off Kwajalein Atoll in 1948.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Off Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall IslandsUSS New YorkConverted to a target for atomic bombing tests in Bikini Atoll, she survived both the aerial atomic bomb test and the submerged atomic bomb test in 1946. She was towed back to Pearl Harbor, and sunk following a massive assault by ships and planes in 1948.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Off Pearl Harbor, Oahu, HawaiiRelics: One of the propellors is on display beside the museum ship USS Texas, which is preserved in a memorial park near Houston, Texas.USS NevadaHeavily bombed during the Attack on Pearl Harbor, she was beached by her crew. Had long war-time service history after being repaired. Converted to a target for atomic bombing tests in Bikini Atoll, she survived both the aerial atomic bomb test and the submerged atomic bomb test in 1946. She was towed back to Pearl Harbor, and sunk by gunfire and aerial torpedoes in 1948.Navy: United States NavyLocation: Off Pearl Harbor, Oahu, HawaiiScuttled And Later SalvagedThe following battleships were sunk, but were later salvaged and scrapped. Poltava - Later Tango and ChesmaBuilt as the Russian pre-dreadnought Poltava, she fought in the Battle of the Yellow Sea, but failed to escape and was scuttled during the Siege of Port Arthur. Salvaged after the war in October 1905, she was refloated, repaired, and taken into service in the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Tango. Purchased by the Russians during World War I and renamed Chesma. She was later captured by the British during the Allied invasion of northern Russia during the Russian Civil War. Scrapped in 1923.Navy: Russian NavyPobeda - Later SuwoBuilt as the Russian pre-dreadnought Pobeda, she fought in the Battle of the Yellow Sea. While moored at Port Arthur, she was sunk on December 7, 1904 by Japanese army artillery during the Siege of Port Arthur. Salvaged after the war in October 1905, she was refloated, repaired, and taken into service in the Imperial Japanese Navy as the Suwo. Scrapped in 1946.Navy: Russian NavyLibertéCaught fire and exploded in Toulon harbor on September 25, 1911. The explosion severely damaged nearby warships, including the battleship République.Navy: Marine NationaleLeonardo da VinciDestroyed in Taranto harbor by Austrian saboteurs on August 2, 1916. Later raised and partially repaired, then scrapped.Navy: Marina MilitareLoss: 249 menImperatritsa MariyaDestroyed in Sevastopol harbor on October 20, 1916 by an internal explosion. The reason remained unclear: tragic chance or diversion. Raised in 1918 and scrapped in 1927. Her turrets and guns were salvaged and used in coastal defense batteries near Sevastopol.Navy: Russian NavyCasualties: 217 officers and men lost.SlavaSlava sinking in the Baltic Scuttled by her crew on October 17, 1917 after sustaining heavy damage during the Battle of Moon Sound in the Baltic. The Slava had taken too many hits below the waterline and was drawing too much water to navigate the dredged channel in the strait at Moon Sound. The Slava was scuttled in the strait in an attempt to block passage by German warships pursuing the Russian fleet. The wreckage was later raised and scrapped.Navy: Russian NavyImperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya - Later Svobodnaya RossiyaScuttled on June 18, 1918 in Tsemes Bay near Novorossiysk to prevent capture by the Germans. Later raised and scrapped. Her turrets and guns were salvaged and used in coastal defense batteries near Sevastopol.Navy: Russian NavyKawachiDestroyed by an internal explosion from unstable cordite on September 12, 1918 in Tokuyama Bay. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCasualties: 621 men out of a crew of 1059Potemkin - Later PanteleimonLegend of the silver screen, the Potemkin and her crew had one of the most curious and famous histories of any battleship. Destroyed at Sevastopol in April 1919 by Interventionists in the Russian Civil War. The wreckage was later raised and scrapped.Navy: Russian NavySMS KaiserScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineSMS Friedrich der GroßeScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineSMS KaiserinScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineSMS Prinzregent LuitpoldScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineSMS König AlbertScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineSMS Großer KurfürstScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineRelics: The ship's mast remains on the bottom of Scapa Flow.SMS BayernScuttled by her crew at Scapa Flow on June 21, 1919 while interned at the end of World War I. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Kaiserliche MarineRelics: The ship's four main turrets detached during salvage operations, and remain at the bottom of Scapa Flow.USS IndianaConverted to a target for ordnance and aerial bombing tests, she was sunk in 1920. The hulk was later scrapped.Navy: United States NavyRelics: The mainmast is displayed at the football stadium of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.USS AlabamaConverted to a target for early aerial bombing tests, she was sunk as part of the Army Air Corps bombing exercises arranged by Billy Mitchell in 1921. The hulk was later scrapped.Navy: United States NavyHMS Emperor of IndiaConverted to a target ship, and sunk as a gunnery target in 1931. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Royal NavyBretagneDestroyed by gunfire from the British battleships HMS Hood, HMS Barham, and HMS Resolution at Mers-el-Kebir on July 3, 1940, with the loss of 977 French sailors. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Marine NationaleConte di CavourTorpedoed by British aircraft on November 12, 1940 during the Battle of Taranto. Raised, partially repaired, then scrapped after the war.Navy: Marina MilitareKilkis - Previously USS MississippiDestroyed by German aerial bombing on April 23, 1941, during the German invasion of Greece.Navy: Hellenic NavyLimnos - Previously USS IdahoDestroyed by German aerial bombing on April 23, 1941, during the German invasion of Greece.Navy: Hellenic NavyPetropavlovsk - Later MaratRussian dreadnought. After the Revolution of 1917 renamed Marat after the French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat, the ship served in the Soviet Baltic during the World War II Siege of Leningrad. She was heavily damaged at her moorings by German Stuka pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel on September 23, 1941 and laid on ground. Three of four turrets continued in action as a floating 12-inch battery for the remainder of the siege under the restored name Petropavlovsk. She was raised in 1950 and served as the training ship Volkhov until being scrapped in 1952.Navy: Soviet NavyHMS Queen ElizabethMined and sunk by Italian frogmen in Alexandria, Egypt in on December 18, 1941 with the loss of nine men. Since she was sunk in very shallow water, she was sunk without submerging, and was able to maintain the illusion of being afloat and battle-ready. Raised and repaired, she served in the Pacific war. Was scrapped after the war.Navy: Royal NavyHMS ValiantMined and sunk by Italian frogmen in Alexandria, Egypt in on December 18, 1941. Since she was sunk in very shallow water, she was sunk without submerging, and was able to maintain the illusion of being afloat and battle-ready. Raised and repaired, she served in the Mediterranean and in the Pacific war. Was scrapped after the war.Navy: Royal NavyDunkerqueSunk twice, then scrapped after World War II. First sunk (in shallow water) by the British at the port of Mers-el-Kébir in French Algeria on July 3, 1940. Refloated, she was sunk again on November 27, 1942 during the Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon.Navy: Marine NationaleStrasbourgSunk twice, then scrapped after World War II. First sunk on November 27, 1942 during the Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon. Refloated by the Italians, she was sunk again by US aerial attack on August 27, 1944. Raised again in 1944, she was scrapped in 1955.Navy: Marine NationaleJean BartCaptured by the Germans and sunk in explosives tests on March 15, 1944. Was scrapped after the war.Navy: Marine NationaleProvenceScuttled twice, then scrapped in 1949. First sunk on November 27, 1942 during the Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon. Raised by the Germans and recaptured by the Allies, she was sunk again as a blockship after D-Day.Navy: Marine NationaleSMS ZähringenScuttled twice, then scrapped in 1949. Originally a battleship in the Kaiserliche Marine , she had been converted to serve as a target ship in the Reichsmarine and Kriegsmarine. First sunk in an air raid on Gotenhafen (today Gdynia) on December 18, 1944 and sank in shallow water. Sunk a second time after being refloated and towed to the harbor entrance, where she was scuttled as a blockade ship on March 26, 1945. The wreck was raised and scrapped in 1949-1950.Navy: KriegsmarineImperoLaunched but never completed. Sunk by Allied bombers on February 20, 1945. Raised in 1947 and scrapped by 1950.Navy: Marina MilitareSettsuDestroyed by US aircraft on July 24, 1945. This early semi-Dreadnaught had been converted to a radio-controlled target ship.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyIseBattleship Ise after sinking. Destroyed by US aircraft on July 28, 1945. Sunk at her moorings in Kure harbor. Later scrapped in place.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyHyūgaWatercolor of Hyūga after sinking Destroyed by US aircraft on July 28, 1945. Sunk at her moorings in Kure harbor. Later raised and scrapped.Navy: Imperial Japanese NavyCredit goes to wikipedia

What is cordite?

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