Counter-current flow is more efficient then parallel flow. Shahzad, MUET Chemical Engineer
The ratio of current flow through individual branches of a parallel circuit is inversely proportional to the ratio of resistance of each branch.
The Series circuit is a single path for current flow. like Christmas tree lights, one part of the path is obstructed (a light that's bunt out ) they all go out. Parallel circuits have more than one path for the current flow, so if one path is obstucted, the current can take another path (like rungs of a ladder )
All the branch circuits in your house are parallel. They have a constant voltage applied to any device plugged into an outlet. If you thought about an analogy for a parallel circuit, imagine that the rails on each side of rungs represented the hot and neutral wires of a typical household branch circuit. The rungs would be the loads connected in parallel. Each "load" draws the current needed to operate the specific device. The sum of all the currents for the "loads" is equal to the total current being supplied through the circuit.
An 'apple to apple comparison' means to compare something to something just like it; it's based on the expression 'comparing apples to oranges', which means that you have made a comparison of something that is not like enough for a comparison to be made.
resistor isdefined as the opposing the current flow in a circuit. capacitor is defined as the store the electric field in one forth of the cycle and the another quarter cycle stored energy will be released
southwest
Southeast
In creating hemodialysis dialyzers, either a countercurrent or cocurrent flow can be used between the unfiltered blood and the dialysate used to clean the blood. Using a differential material balance (fluid mechanics) on the fluid and solute entering and leaving the device, the molar flow rate of the blood into the dialysate can be calculated. Without showing the math behind it, countercurrent flow if more efficient at cleaning the blood than cocurrent flow in a hemodialysis dialyzer. The reason for this is because the countercurrent flow allows the outlet concentration of the dialysate to exceed the outlet concentration of the blood, and approach the inlet concentration of the blood. With cocurrent flow, the exit concentration of the dialysate is slightly less than the outlet concentration of the blood, but much less than the inlet concentration. Physically speaking, countercurrent flow optimizes the concentration gradient throughout the length that the dialysate and blood are flowing next to one another. This causes more urea to diffuse through the membrane within this length, allowing the blood to be cleaned faster than cocurrent flow.
In the human body, the countercurrent exchange system in the nephrons of the kidney allows for efficient reabsorption of water and ions. Blood flow and filtrate flow travel in opposite directions, enhancing the exchange of solutes between the blood and the filtrate for optimal water conservation.
comparison, parallel
Increased sodium and chloride ion concentrations in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is the result of countercurrent mechanisms
In a parallel circuit, the current flow is independent in each branch.
Parallel circuit
Countercurrent breathing is a method of gas exchange in which water flows in the opposite direction to blood flow. This enables a more efficient exchange of gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the gills and blood in fish. It enhances the uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide from the blood.
Many fish use countercurrent exchange in their gills to transfer oxygen from the surrounding water into their blood. This system moves water flowing across the gills, in an opposite direction to the blood flowing in gill capillaries creating the maximum efficiency of gas exchange. This flow ensures that blood is always brought near to water having a higher oxygen concentration.
eassy, shape, size
Cromwell current