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Variable frequency drives use a rectifier to "chop off" the top part of the ac wave, then use capacitors to "fill in" the gaps in the voltage, making a "near dc" power. They use IGBTs, a fancy term for a high speed, high current transistor, or electronic switch, to pulse the "near dc" power out to the motor, in a pattern that appears like ac to the motor.

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Q: How do vfd's change the AC to dc current and back into AC?
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