How do you recognise read the values and identify polarity and any other orientation requirements for all electronic for all electronic components being used in the assemblies?

Answer 1

If there’s enough room on the capacitor, most manufacturers of electronics components print the capacitance directly on the capacitor along with other information such as the working voltage and perhaps the tolerance. However, small capacitors don’t have enough room for all that. Many capacitor manufacturers use a shorthand notation to indicate capacitance on small caps.

If you have a capacitor that has nothing other than a three-digit number printed on it, the third digit represents the number of zeros to add to the end of the first two digits. The resulting number is the capacitance in pF. For example, 101 represents 100 pF: the digits 10 followed by one additional zero.

If there are only two digits listed, the number is simply the capacitance in pF. Thus, the digits 22 indicate a 22 pF capacitor.

This shows how some common capacitor values are represented using this notation:

Marking Capacitance (pF) Capacitance (ìF)

101 100 pF 0.0001 ìF

221 220 pF 0.00022 ìF

471 470 pF 0.00047 ìF

102 1,000 pF 0.001 ìF

222 2,200 pF 0.0022 ìF

472 4,700 pF 0.0047 ìF

103 10,000 pF 0.01 ìF

223 22,000 pF 0.022 ìF

473 47,000 pF 0.047 ìF

104 100,000 pF 0.1 ìF

224 220,000 pF 0.22 ìF

474 470,000 pF 0.47 ìF

105 1,000,000 pF 1 ìF

225 2,200,000 pF 2.2 ìF

475 4,700,000 pF 4.7 ìF

You may also see a letter printed on the capacitor to indicate the tolerance. You can interpret the tolerance letter as follows:

Letter Tolerance

A ±0.05 pF

B ±0.1 pF

C ±0.25 pF

D ±0.5 pF

E ±0.5%

F ±1%

G ±2%

H ±3%

J ±5 %

K ±10%

L ±15%

M ±20%

N ±30%

P –0%, + 100%

S –20%, + 50%

W –0%, + 200%

X –20%, + 40%

Z –20%, + 80%

Notice that the tolerances for codes P through Z are a little odd. For codes P and W, the manufacturer promises that the capacitance will be no less than the stated value but may be as much as 100% or 200% over the stated value.

For codes S, X, and Z, the actual capacitance may be as much as 20% below the stated value or as much as 50%, 40%, or 80% over the stated value. For example, if the marking is 101P, the actual capacitance is no less than 100 pF but may be as much as 200 pF. If the marking is 101Z, the capacitance is between 80 pF and 180 pF.