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A welding transformer is an electrical transformer used in welding power supply.

It pulls relatively low current drawn from the mains power (typically limited to 15 A to avoid tripping the circuit breaker) and converts it to the typical 50 A to 500 A used in arc welding and higher currents used in spot welding. The main difference between a Normal Step Down Transformer & a Welding transformer , is Not only to Step Down ( lower ) the outlet supply voltage and at the same time increase the Available Output Circuit Current, but to be also able withstand the Short Circuit Conditions on the Welding Output Side and especially for the Magnetic ( Iron Lamination Core ) Part of the Transformer. This Magnetic Path difference prevents the Supply side Electrical Circuit from Oveloading , espcially during the Striking of the Arc, when the Welding Electrode & the Welding Job touch to initiate an Arc, after which the Welding Electrode is lifted slightly by Experience, to maintain the required weld flow. A Normal Transformer of equivalent rating will not be able witstand this operation without burning out.

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Electrodes... Positive (anode) and Negative (cathode) electrodes which are attached to the terminals. The electrodes provide the chemical energy which is converted to a flow of electrons.

And the electrolyte, the electrolyte separates the electrodes but allows for the passages of electrons and ions for the electro-chemical reaction of the electrodes.

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The Internet gives every seller an opportunity to advertise their wares no matter their size or location. It also gives the stocking seller the opportunity to have direct access to the buyer with out going through profit taking middle men.

Brokers, the grey market, have used the information they collect as their bargaining tools and their mode for gaining profit.

With the internet making the who and where available to everyone the Broker is left with little to offer.

highlight some advantages of e-commerce in business organization and do advantage out way limitations. The biggest benefit would be that you would have a much larger audience to sell your products or services to where if you just had a brick & mortar business you would only be selling to the local community.

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advantage of digital electronics is given below.

1-it require Boolean algebra which is very simple

2-there is only 1 And 0 are used so data error is reduced.

3- circuit of digital electronics is small so suitable for ic's.

4- it requires low power

5- it is highly precise over high frequency operation upo GHz.

6- operation is easy.

7- doesn't effect by noise rapidly comparison to analog electronics

8- Analog signals can be converted to digital format and stored indefinately with pure reproduction ( aside from quantization errors).

Disadvantages are that you could suffer another y2k type scenario.

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Tunnel diodes are used on very High frequency and fabricated using degenerated semiconductor GaAs.When it got positive potential to anode and negative to cathode the current passing through it increases up to Ip peak value after that the majority carriers on n side does not come to p side because the valance level of n side rise up . after that current reduces up to valley value and after that if you further increase forward voltage it behave like ordinary p-n diode and current will increase according to voltage(Non- linearly) . It is invented by L. Esaki and sometime called esaki diode and they were get Nobel Prize for this tremendous invention.

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Check the radio on sensitivity,power,capability on receiving frequencies, and to check if it's weak or not.

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A: This was asked before and the criteria remains the same a very hi reasoning quality to think concepts and troubleshooting along to know which book to look up for an answer. Nobody knows it all nobody can. To complex, to many fields

Just an addition to the above answer, I agree that choices are broad, but, then its a good thing also. By Identifying your interest area, you can be a master of that one specific field.

The initial step is to know the various specialization in the field of Electronics, having a superficial knowledge of them and then decide, what intrigues you most?.

I hope that part is already covered. Next step might be in the identification of the current direction of the research going on. For this, reading magazine articles are more useful over journals.

I hope this was helpful.

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In the context of twisted pair cable, more twists per foot reduces the effect of electro-magnetic interference, which means that more data can be reliably transmitted, effectively increasing its maximum throughput (higher data transfer rates). Electrically, more twists increase the amount of distributed capacitance per foot and makes the cable behave less like two wires and more like a transmission line, which accounts for decreased waveform distortion.

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Digital object counter is a device which is designed to count the object which passing from above it or by touching it or whatever depending upon the method of getting signal from the transducer or smart devices. But main work of digital object counter is the counting of things or objects. it can be done by using LDR or THERMISTOR or VDR (these are used for sensing that a object is arrive or present here ) etc .

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A variable resistor (potentiometer) usually has a wiper and it is generally in between two outer legs, when you measure one outer leg to the other outer leg, you will have the value of the potentiometer, say 5kohms, when you turn the adjustment knob/screw; the wiper will most to one side or the other, reducing the resistance of the center leg to the outer leg and increasing the resistance of center leg to the other leg. when the wiper is in the middle, you should have 1/2 the value of the potentiometer from the center leg to the outdide legs. |__2.5k__↓__2.5k___| |_1k_↓_____4k___|

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in electronics the term defective fuse can arise if.

it does not open at Imax of it's value.

it is releasing more flame after open circuit

it generate heavy spikes.

if it opens after very long time.

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Yes. They are: Down beast, down punch, kick, right punch, down kick, punch and right kick.

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There is no "father". It is a cumulative effort of many people. The transistor has advanced electronics as much as anything else has but that also was a cumulative effort at Bell Labs. Without the original pioneers, we would still be discovering the rules, but they would have been discovered. We build upon our predecessors' knowledge base. Bill Gates didn't invent the computer but he helped advance the technology as did Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak,

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Batches of newly manufactured integrated cicuit parts are subjected to characterization sampling to prove or disprove that they will perform their functions with the technical characteristics for which they were designed.

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Boards have evolved over the years. They started out with 1 , then went to 2 on up to about 6. As they evolved they have gotten to be fewer with the advent of pci xpress. My mother board has one PCI and 2 PCI xpress. As more devices utilize the USB bus, card slots become less necessary. Most any device on a PCI card can be found on a USB device.

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You could also turn off 3G/4G, in doing so your battery life on standby will dramatically improve but you will loose internet browsing speed and some types of data connectivity.

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turn down the brightness :)

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The battery ends are called electrodes. They're further divided into anodes (the electrodes where electrons leave a battery), and cathodes (the electrodes where electrons enter a battery).

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Sensors send incoming signals either digital or analog to PLC. There are a lot of types of sensors: inductive, capacitive, temperature, optical, etc.

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Encoding is done to reduce the number of bit to be transmitted and save bandwidth . suppose you have 10 line and your line no 4 is active and other are low than transmit this information to another place require to send all 10 lines or bits but if you encode it than only four bits are enough and you saved 6 bits . on the receiver we can reproduce the original signal using decoder.

In addition to compression, encoding can have two other purposes: encryption and error correction.

Encoding a data set using a cipher (a mathematical process of transforming the normal text into what looks like gibberish, but which can be unscrambled back into the original text later) produces a new data set which disguises the original data's true nature. This can be used to hide the data inside another data set (stenography) or simply to make it unreadable by anyone not sharing the secret to undoing the cipher (cryptography). Encoding is the method by which this mathematical process turns the data into this cipher text. In most cases, a cipher do not noticeably change the total length of the data.

Encoding often can be used to produce redundancy in the data set, so that if a portion of the data set is lost for any reason, the encoding allows for the lost data to be reconstructed from the existing encoded data. This makes the data more robust for communication across methods which are prone to losing portions of the transmission (to interference, collision, etc.). Error correction encoding adds more information to the data stream to allow for this reconstruction; thus, adding error correction encoding ALWAYS increases the length of the data.

It is possible to include all three methods in one operation: that is, a data set can be encoded via some algorithms which compress, encrypt, and also add error correction. Each of the above are completely independent of each other.

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Well, There is a newer feature called 24/7 Bidding where you place bids but I don't recommend it because you need a lot of points to place a bid

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Process by which a conduction band electron gives up energy (in the form of heat or light) and falls into a valence band hole.

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Alpine offered up until last year the PDX-1000 wich is a 1000 Watts RMS amplifier designed with the type X subwoofer series in mind. Now the best match would be the PDX-M12. Set the amplifier gain carefully as this amplifier is a bit strong for this subwoofer.

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There are several types of material which are used for different -2 circumstances in electronics engineering domain.Widely used semiconductors are-

Silicon - for diode ,solar cell, BJT etc.

germanium- for photo devices,and BJT for low level signal amplification.

GaAs(Gallium Arsenide)- for high frequency devices like tunnel diode Gunn diode.

InP & AlGaAs- for LED and others semiconductor material are also available like CdS,SiO2,GaP etc.