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The Canadian monarchy is the foundation of the Canadian system of government.

As per s. 9 of the Constitution Act, 1867, executive power for Canada is vested in Her Majesty the Queen. Her Majesty's executive functions are exercised on the advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. By convention, only privy councillors who are also ministers--and are therefore responsible to the elected House of Commons--may advise the monarch. These exercises of the Queen's executive functions are referred to as the Queen-in-Council (or the Governor General-in-Council, when exercised by Her Majesty's viceregal representative); this is the executive branch of Canadian government.

The Queen is one of the three components of the Parliament of Canada (alongside the Senate, and the House of Commons). The Governor General (as the Queen's representative) summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament on the advice of the prime minister, and opens each session with a throne speech prepared by the Government of the day. Any bills passed by both Houses must be granted royal assent by the Governor General (or the Queen personally) to become law. The Queen's legislative role is referred to as the Queen-in-Parliament.

The Queen is also the Fount of Justice for the Canadian judiciary. Decisions are handed down in the Queen's name, and cases prosecuted by the Government are done so on the Queen's authority. The authority of the Queen for judicial decisions and prosecutions is referred to as the Queen-on-the-Bench.

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