constitutional because it was based on military urgency
None. Latina Justice Sonia Sotomayor is of Puerto Rican heritage.
The dred Scott decision held that all African Americans, whether free or slave, were not citizens of the US, had no power to sue in court, and that the congress had no constitutional authority to end slavery.
At the moment, Clarence Thomas, who was nominated by George H. W. Bush in 1991, is the only African-American on the Court. He replaced Thurgood Marshall (1967-1991), the first African-American to serve as Supreme Court Justice, upon Marshall's retirement.There have only been two African-Americans on the US Supreme Court to date.
The Supreme Court found that the 14th Amendment did not prevent individuals, as opposed to states, from practicing discrimination. And in Plessy v. Ferguson the Court found that "separate but equal" public accommodations for African Americans, such as trains and restaurants, did not violate their rights.
Unfortunately, there has never been a Native American on the Supreme Court. Until recently, most Justices were white, male, protestants. Diversity is a fairly development, dating back to 1916, when Woodrow Wilson nominated the first Jewish Justice, Louis Brandeis. It will likely take a while to create more ethnic balance because Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life, serve an average tenure of approximately 25 years. There have only been 111 appointments since the Court's inception in 1790. So far, Presidents have nominated seven Jewish Justices; two African-Americans; and three women to the bench. The most recent Justice to join the US Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor, is Latina.
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This was a case determining the constitutionality of putting Japanese Americans into "relocation" camps or internment camps. The Supreme Court decided that internment camps were constitutional because of military urgency, and that protection from espionage far outweighed Korematsu's (and thus all Japanese American's) individual rights.
The War Relocation Authority was created to intern Japanese Americans. It was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1944 in the case Korematsu v. US
It is Korematsu v US and was a landmark Supreme Court decision allowing the USA government to place Japanese Americans in internment camps during WWII.
The Supreme Court upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II in the Korematsu v. United States case due to perceived military necessity and national security concerns. The decision was largely influenced by fears of espionage and potential sabotage by Japanese Americans on the West Coast.
The U.S. military's argued that the loyalties of some Japanese Americans resided not with the United States but with their ancestral country, and that because separating "the disloyal from the loyal" was a logistical impossibility, the internment order had to apply to all Japanese Americans within the restricted area. The Supreme Court Accepted the military's argument over the argument of Korematsu.
Similar to the Red Scare in WWI, many Americans feared Japanese Americans were a threat to American safety. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into these camps because the US feared that they might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion. The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property. In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the concentration camps.
The Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States violated the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause by allowing the internment of Japanese Americans based on their ethnicity. It also violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause by depriving individuals of their freedom without sufficient justification.
Korematsu v. United States
Supreme Court Case Korematsu V. United States (1944)
The Supreme Court decided that with the West Coast vulnerable to attack by Japan, the president was within his rights to declare the people of Japanese ancestry might pose a threat to internal security; thus the relocation order was upheld. Even though: No Japanese American was ever found guilty of espionage or sabotage.
The Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Japanese relocation