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The original followers of the church were followers of "The Way". This was a universal church for all, Jews and Gentiles alike, thus catholic, meaning universal. The separation of all people was classified as Jewish or Gentile, since The Bible clearly states we are all one race, there were not people group classifications of white, tan, brown, black, etc.
The head of the church is Jesus Christ, but now many sections of the Catholic churches (Roman, Orthodox etc) believe that the Pope is the head of the church because of the phrasing in the christian bible where Jesus the Messiah states, ""I also say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of Hades will not overpower it" in Matthew 16:18. All Popes since this time have been voted to their office to replace Peter's position in the early church.
The churches that do not believe in the Pope believe that Christ is the cornerstone, based on the bibical passage from Luke 20:17 "Jesus looked directly at them and asked, "Then what is the meaning of that which is written: "'The stone the builders rejected has become the capstone".
This references the knowledge Jesus has that he would be rejected by the Jews, yet he is the very foundation of what they were looking for. The catholic church recites the "Our Father who art in heaven..." prayer. Jesus taught this to his disciples as the model prayer. The catholics still recite this. It can be found in the book of Matthew, chapter 6. The "Apostles Creed", is spoken in the catholic mass, this is a profession of faith based on the beliefs of the early church believers, all of it relates to bibical passages, beliefs and even the Jewish heritage of the prophecies that told of the coming of Christ.
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