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What is the relationship between apparent solar time and mean solar time?
Wiki User
∙ 7y ago
The Earth "day" of exactly 24 hours is the "mean solar day"
"Mean" is basically a scientific way of saying "average". It's called a "solar day " because it's based on the position of the Sun in the sky.
There are natural variations in the length of the solar day because of the Earth's elliptical orbit and axial tilt.
The "mean solar day" averages out the variations that happen during the year.
This makes things much more convenient for everyday life.
"Mean solar time" is based on the "mean solar day".
The "apparent solar day" is the what we actually observe, and its length varies from day to day.
A sundial measures "apparent solar time". We can convert this time to mean solar time by using something called "the equation of time".
Actually, the sundial shows "local apparent solar time".
That's because the time shown by a sundial depends on its exact longitude.
For convenience, mean solar time has time zones (based on longitude).
So, longitude also affects the relationship between these two
measures of time.
Wiki User
∙ 7y ago
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What is the Relationship between time and longitude?
Since the Earth rotates at a steady rate of 360° per day, or 15° per hour (in mean solar time), there is a direct relationship between time and longitude. If the navigator knew the time at a fixed reference point when some event occurred at the ship's location, the difference between the reference time and the apparent local time would give the ship's position relative to the fixed location. Finding apparent local time is relatively easy. The problem, ultimately, was how to determine the time at a distant reference point while on a ship.
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Why is apparent solar time not used to measure on a clock?
Because, when using "apparent solar time", the length of a "solar day" varies slightly during the year. (This is because the Earth's orbit isn't exactly circular and the Earth's axis is tilted.) "Clock time" is based on an average (or "mean") of these day lengths, called the "mean solar day". So clocks use "mean solar time". (By coincidence, on the date the question was answered (14th April) "apparent solar time" and 'clock' time are synchronised.) There's another reason for apparent solar time being different from clock time. "Clock time" uses time zones. So, over a wide area, the time on a clock equals the "mean solar time" at a particular, defining, longitude.
Equation for time?
The equation of time is the difference between apparent solar time and mean solar time, both taken at a given place (or at another place with the same geographical longitude) at the same real instant of time.
What is apparent solar time determined by?
Its position and apparent movement around the sky. "Apparent solar time" is based on the "apparent solar day", reckoned by defining as 'solar noon' the moment of the Sun's highest altitude above the horizon on any given day. (That's when the Sun crosses the observer's meridian.) Apparent solar days do not have the exact same length (from one solar noon to the next) throughout the year, which is surprising to some at first. This is why the first approaches to creating a solid "standard time" involved determining the length of the 'mean solar day' (average solar day).
Why is apparent solar time used to measure time on a clock?
Because, when using "apparent solar time", the length of a "solar day" varies slightly during the year. (This is because the Earth's orbit isn't exactly circular and the Earth's axis is tilted.) "Clock time" is based on an average (or "mean") of these day lengths, called the "mean solar day". So clocks use "mean solar time". (By coincidence, on the date the question was answered (14th April) "apparent solar time" and 'clock' time are synchronised.) There's another reason for apparent solar time being different from clock time. "Clock time" uses time zones. So, over a wide area, the time on a clock equals the "mean solar time" at a particular, defining, longitude.
What is a mean solar day?
It's the average length of the "apparent solar day" throughout the year, 24 hours exactly for planet Earth.
Are there different types of solar time?
It very much depends on what is meant by solar time. Not really, it's fairly clear. There are 2 types of solar time: 1) "Apparent solar time". At any particular place this is called the "local apparent solar time", because it depends on longitude. 2) "Mean solar time". This averages out the natural variations of "apparent solar time". (The word "mean" is just a way of saying "average".) This too is depends on longitude of course, but time zones are used to cover a wide area, for convenience.
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Since the Earth rotates at a steady rate of 360° per day, or 15° per hour (in mean solar time), there is a direct relationship between time and longitude. If the navigator knew the time at a fixed reference point when some event occurred at the ship's location, the difference between the reference time and the apparent local time would give the ship's position relative to the fixed location. Finding apparent local time is relatively easy. The problem, ultimately, was how to determine the time at a distant reference point while on a ship.
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