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There were two major factors: 1. Union military defeats in battle and 2. Growing setiment against the war, being lead by Senate minorities. The Democrat party ran against Lincoln in 1864 as the 'peace' party - which would find any way to end the war, including recognizing the Confederacy. Some Democrat members even openly challenged that the war was 'constitutional'. Throughout much of 1864 the Democrats lead in the polls and had a majority of the Union population believing that the Union would lose the war. Timely victories by General Grant in Virgina and General Sherman in Georgia helped the nation's attitude and with it helped Lincoln gain a second term as president.

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Q: What prolonged the American Civil War?
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