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They adopted a seemingly unbeatable strategies. They bribed some of the Greek city-states to join their side. When the southern cities continued to resist, they invaded with a large fleet and army. The fleet threatened the cities so that they kept their armies at home to protect them, and so were targets to be picked off one by one.

The southern Greek cities understood this and concentrated on first defeating the Persian fleet, setting up a blocking position at Thermopylae to entice the Persians to try to turn the position by sea. When they lost the sea battle at Artemesion in the strait next to Thermopylae the withdrew to Salamis for another try, this time successful. With the sea threat gone, the cities were able to send out their armies the following spring to combine and defeat the Persian army at Plataea.

Both sides had good strategies, and the winner of the naval war was bound to win.

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