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Zener Diodes like all other diodes use a semiconductor P-N junction. The focus of this topic is actually more on the semiconductor characteristics than the diode it self. Semiconductors are not conductors and do not exhibit the same behavior than conductors. In this section free electron band and conductive band are used synonymously and Fermi level is a quantum mechanical term I can roughly define in semiconductor physics for a basic understanding as the kinetic energy of the electron in the highest quantum level.
Semiconductors do not have electrons in the conduction band. All electrons are bound in covalent bonds and their valance bands are nearly filled under normal condition. It is required for an external energy to increase the Fermi level of the electrons in the valance energy band to jump the energy gap (forbidden band) into the conduction band. Then the semiconductor becomes conductive. Thermal energy is one type of energy that can raise the Fermi level of the fermions (particularly electrons in this case) in the valance electron band to jump the energy gap into the conduction band. This will increase the probability for an electron to find it self in the conduction band resulting in the semiconductor to become more conductive. In this case we will see that the contribution that thermal energy makes to increase conductivity by raising the Fermi level is much more than the contribution thermal energy makes to increase resistance, by making the atoms vibrate more, increasing collusions between electrons. This cause the semiconductor to form NTC (negative temperature coefficients), The higher the temperature the better it conducts within normal boundaries.
With conductors, they already have electrons in conductive bands and by adding energy to it will not make that much difference in the amount of free electrons (conductivity). This cause a very small contribution to increasing conductivity. But the contribution to increase resistances are far greater due to the vibration of the atom causing more collisions between electrons. This give conductors a PTC (positive temperature coefficient) in normal conditions and cause the electrical resistance to increase when temperature increases.
One can also take note that not only silicon Si and germanium Ge are semiconductors, but carbon only appear to be a conductor because it conducts electricity and often misunderstood on "school science" level. It is actually a semiconductor and also have NTC (negative temperature coefficients).
Graphite can conduct electricity due to the vast electron delocalization within the carbon layers, a phenomenon called aromaticity. These valence electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted within the plane of the layers.
What else can I help you with?
What is sub zero temp?
Any temperature taht is below zero, on whatever scale you are using ( C or F). It is thus a negative number
What is the average summer temp in nome Alaska?
The average summer temp in Nome, Alaska is 18.3°C (65°F)
Why does this stone in the ground at my house never change temperature even when it changes temp. outside changes?
because of the temp. outside
What is the relationship between CO2 and temp?
there is no relationship
What is franks temp in osmosis Jones?
108.00
What is diote?
A diode is semiconductor device which is used in a lot of application in electronics equipment.it is negative temp. coefficient device i.e. at lower temp. it is behave like a insulator and high temp. it is work like a good conductor. Basically a diode is used to convert an alternating current into direct current in form of a rectifier. There are many types of diode used in today day to day life depends upon their application. 1 crystal diode 2 photo diode 3zener diode are some of the most useful diode.
What is semiconductor diote?
A diode is semiconductor device which is used in a lot of application in electronics equipment.it is negative temp. coefficient device i.e. at lower temp. it is behave like a insulator and high temp. it is work like a good conductor. Basically a diode is used to convert an alternating current into direct current in form of a rectifier. There are many types of diode used in today day to day life depends upon their application. 1 crystal diode 2 photo diode 3zener diode are some of the most useful diode.
Write a program to represent a polynomial as linked list and write functions for polynimial addition?
#include<iostream.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<conio.h> struct poly { int coeff; int x; int y; int z; struct poly * next; }; class polynomial { private : poly *head; public: polynomial():head(NULL) { } void getdata(); void display(); void insert(poly *prv,poly *curr,poly *p); polynomial operator + (polynomial ); }; polynomial polynomial :: operator +(polynomial px2) { polynomial px; poly *t1,*t2,*t3,*last; t1 = head; t2 = px2.head; px.head = NULL; while(t1 != NULL && t2 != NULL) { t3 = new poly; t3->next = NULL; if(t1->x t2->z) { t3->coeff = t1->coeff + t2->coeff; t3->x = t1->x; t3->y = t1->y; t3->z = t1->z; t1 = t1->next; t2 = t2->next; } elseif(t1->x > t2->x) { t3->coeff = t1->coeff; t3->x = t1->x; t3->y = t1->y; t3->z = t1->z; t1 = t1->next; } elseif(t1->x < t2->x) { t3->coeff = t2->coeff; t3->x = t2->x; t3->y = t2->y; t3->z = t2->z; t2 = t2->next; } elseif(t1->y > t2->y) { t3->coeff = t1->coeff; t3->x = t1->x; t3->y = t1->y; t3->z = t1->z; t1 = t1->next; } elseif(t1->y < t2->y) { t3->coeff = t2->coeff; t3->x = t2->x; t3->y = t2->y; t3->z = t2->z; t2 = t2->next; } elseif(t1->z > t2->z) { t3->coeff = t1->coeff; t3->x = t1->x; t3->y = t1->y; t3->z = t1->z; t1 = t1->next; } elseif(t1->z < t2->z) { t3->coeff = t2->coeff; t3->x = t2->x; t3->y = t2->y; t3->z = t2->z; t2 = t2->next; } if(px.head == NULL) px.head = t3; else last->next = t3; last = t3; } if(t1 == NULL) t3->next = t2; else t3->next = t1; return px; } void polynomial :: insert(poly *prv,poly *curr,poly *node) { if(node->x curr->z) { curr->coeff += node->coeff; delete node; } elseif((node->x > curr->x) (node->x curr->y && node->z > curr->z)) { node->next = curr; prv->next = node; } else { prv = curr; curr = curr->next; if(curr == NULL) { prv->next = node; node->next = NULL; return; } insert(prv,curr,node); } return; } void polynomial :: getdata() { int tempcoeff; poly *node; while(1) { cout << endl << "Coefficient : "; cin >> tempcoeff; if (tempcoeff==0) break; node = new poly; node->coeff = tempcoeff; cout << endl << "Power of X : "; cin >> node->x; cout << endl << "Power of Y : "; cin >> node->y; cout << endl << "Power of Z : "; cin >> node->z; if(head == NULL) { node->next = NULL; head = node; } elseif(node->x head->z) { head->coeff += node->coeff; delete node; } elseif((node->x > head->x) (node->x head->y && node->z > head->z)) { node->next = head; head = node; } elseif (head->next == NULL) { head->next = node; node->next = NULL; } else insert(head,head->next,node); } } void polynomial :: display() { poly *temp; temp = head; cout << endl << "Polynomial :: "; while(temp != NULL) { if(temp->coeff < 0) cout << " - "; cout << abs(temp->coeff); if(temp->x != 0) cout << "x^" << temp->x; if(temp->y != 0) cout << "y^" << temp->y; if(temp->z != 0) cout << "z^" << temp->z; if(temp->next->coeff > 0) cout << " + "; temp = temp->next; } cout << " = 0"; } void main() { polynomial px1,px2,px3; clrscr(); px1.getdata(); px2.getdata(); px3 = px1 + px2; px1.display(); px2.display(); px3.display(); getch(); }
What is the temperature coefficient of BJT?
No. Semiconductor has negative temp coefficient, because increase in temp causes the increase in the k.e of the electrons bu t not in the no of electrons . these highly energised electronsel increase current, & in terms conductivity.
Mention cut-in-voltage for Si and Ge diode?
0.6-0.7 V for Si at room temp. and 0.3 for Ge at room temp.
Polynomial multiplication program using data structures in c?
#include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> #define MAX 10 struct term { int coeff ; int exp ; } ; struct poly { struct term t [10] ; int noofterms ; } ; void initpoly ( struct poly *) ; void polyappend ( struct poly *, int, int ) ; struct poly polyadd ( struct poly, struct poly ) ; struct poly polymul ( struct poly, struct poly ) ; void display ( struct poly ) ; void main( ) { struct poly p1, p2, p3 ; clrscr( ) ; initpoly ( &p1 ) ; initpoly ( &p2 ) ; initpoly ( &p3 ) ; polyappend ( &p1, 1, 4 ) ; polyappend ( &p1, 2, 3 ) ; polyappend ( &p1, 2, 2 ) ; polyappend ( &p1, 2, 1 ) ; polyappend ( &p2, 2, 3 ) ; polyappend ( &p2, 3, 2 ) ; polyappend ( &p2, 4, 1 ) ; p3 = polymul ( p1, p2 ) ; printf ( "\nFirst polynomial:\n" ) ; display ( p1 ) ; printf ( "\n\nSecond polynomial:\n" ) ; display ( p2 ) ; printf ( "\n\nResultant polynomial:\n" ) ; display ( p3 ) ; getch( ) ; } /* initializes elements of struct poly */ void initpoly ( struct poly *p ) { int i ; p -> noofterms = 0 ; for ( i = 0 ; i < MAX ; i++ ) { p -> t[i].coeff = 0 ; p -> t[i].exp = 0 ; } } /* adds the term of polynomial to the array t */ void polyappend ( struct poly *p, int c, int e ) { p -> t[p -> noofterms].coeff = c ; p -> t[p -> noofterms].exp = e ; ( p -> noofterms ) ++ ; } /* displays the polynomial equation */ void display ( struct poly p ) { int flag = 0, i ; for ( i = 0 ; i < p.noofterms ; i++ ) { if ( p.t[i].exp != 0 ) printf ( "%d x^%d + ", p.t[i].coeff, p.t[i].exp ) ; else { printf ( "%d", p.t[i].coeff ) ; flag = 1 ; } } if ( !flag ) printf ( "\b\b " ) ; } /* adds two polynomials p1 and p2 */ struct poly polyadd ( struct poly p1, struct poly p2 ) { int i, j, c ; struct poly p3 ; initpoly ( &p3 ) ; if ( p1.noofterms > p2.noofterms ) c = p1.noofterms ; else c = p2.noofterms ; for ( i = 0, j = 0 ; i <= c ; p3.noofterms++ ) { if ( p1.t[i].coeff p2.t[j].exp ) { p3.t[p3.noofterms].coeff = p1.t[i].coeff + p2.t[j].coeff ; p3.t[p3.noofterms].exp = p1.t[i].exp ; i++ ; j++ ; } else { p3.t[p3.noofterms].coeff = p1.t[i].coeff ; p3.t[p3.noofterms].exp = p1.t[i].exp ; i++ ; } } else { p3.t[p3.noofterms].coeff = p2.t[j].coeff ; p3.t[p3.noofterms].exp = p2.t[j].exp ; j++ ; } } return p3 ; } /* multiplies two polynomials p1 and p2 */ struct poly polymul ( struct poly p1, struct poly p2 ) { int coeff, exp ; struct poly temp, p3 ; initpoly ( &temp ) ; initpoly ( &p3 ) ; if ( p1.noofterms != 0 && p2.noofterms != 0 ) { int i ; for ( i = 0 ; i < p1.noofterms ; i++ ) { int j ; struct poly p ; initpoly ( &p ) ; for ( j = 0 ; j < p2.noofterms ; j++ ) { coeff = p1.t[i].coeff * p2.t[j].coeff ; exp = p1.t[i].exp + p2.t[j].exp ; polyappend ( &p, coeff, exp ) ; } if ( i != 0 ) { p3 = polyadd ( temp, p ) ; temp = p3 ; } else temp = p ; } } return p3 ; }
At high temperature the forward voltage drop across a diode can be expected to be more or less than it is at low temperature?
high temp
A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be?
body temp
What was the temperature in the New York colony?
the temp. ranged from the negative degreses to the high degreses
Where is the coldest city in the world?
Possible it is Yakutsk. The lowest temp can reach to negative 50
Practical of to determine energy band gap of semiconductor diode by determining variation of saturation current with temperature?
To determine the energy band gap of a semiconductor diode, you can plot the natural log of the saturation current against the inverse of temperature. By analyzing the slope of this plot using the equation for diode current and adjusting for temperature effects, you can calculate the energy band gap. This method is based on the relationship between current density and temperature in semiconductor devices.
Is the amount of time spent in the bathtub and the temperature of the bathwater a negative or positive correlation?
Negative. Assuming the water starts hot and gets colder the longer you stay in. However, if the water temp is cold when you get in, it will increase to room temp, but that would be like a trick question. The assumption is that bath water is hot.
