The alternatives are as follows :-
Infrared
One such alternative to commercial communication systems is infrared. This alternative is used if a company needs to interconnect two buildings together. Infrared provides an optical data, voice and video transmission system. Like fiber optic cable, infrared communications systems use laser light to transmit a digital signal between two transceivers. However, unlike fiber, the laser light is transmitted through the air. In order for the digital signal to be transmitted and received, there must be clear line of site between each unit. In other words, there should be no obstructions such as trees or buildings between the transceiver units. So, if your wireline or wireless communications fails you can still provide communications between two points. The only drawback is the distance and the line-of-sight requirements.
This solution provides low-cost, high-speed wireless connectivity for a variety of last-mile applications. It provides narrowband voice and broadband data connectivity and the various products provide scalable, wireless alternatives to leased lines. These infrared systems operate at data rates of 1 Megabit to Multi Gigabit speeds and they are deployable in one day, without requiring right-of-way or government permits for installation. They can provide an alternative communication link in hours instead of weeks or months. This is probably not an option for a small business, but for a medium or large business owner the cost is affordable. Cost can range from $10K to $25K per installation capable of distances of up to 1000 meters.
Microwave
Another alternative to commercial communication systems is microwave (wireless). This alternative is used if a company needs to interconnect two buildings together that are spaced farther apart than the conventional infrared can operate (i.e., in excess of 1000m). Microwave also provides a data, voice and video transmission system. Unlike infrared communications systems, which use laser light to transmit a digital signal between two transceivers, microwave uses ultra-high frequency radio frequency (wireless) transmission. In order for the digital signal to be transmitted and received, there again must be clear line of site between each unit. However, the distance that this alternative can span is up to 60 miles as long as no obstructions such as trees or buildings are located between the two locations. If wireline or wireless communications fails communications between two points can still take place. There are several drawbacks to this solution:
* Distance limited to up to 60 miles
* Requires an FCC license to operate
* Right of Way Permits may be required
* Needs highly trained technicians to install equipment
* Cost can be prohibited to small businesses.
The cost of a microwave system can be between $50K and $100K with installation and license preparation charges to be in the area of another $15K. It still provides a viable alternative for medium and large businesses.
Small businesses also have an alternative of smaller wireless systems which utilize non-licensed frequencies and which can be installed by an IT person in the business operation. Cost is about $1000 to $2000, but I must warn you that this is not as reliable a solution as the microwave wireless option and reliable speeds may be slower.
Satellite
So far I have provided solutions that have been better suited for the medium and large business operations. Satellite provides alternatives for small, medium and large enterprises and there are various speed and pricing options, which make it a very attractive alternative or mitigation strategy.
Satellite phones
There are several types of satellite alternatives. If a company is only interested in providing a short term telephone back-up alternative then satellite phone service like INMARSAT, at&t, Iridium, Satcom, Skytel, Worldcell, or Globalstar to name only a few offer basic voice, fax and basic v and e-mail services. They offer mobile phone services and are not usually capable of providing sustained data communication or internet types of services. However, this communications strategy is good for keeping your senior executives and critical operations personnel in contact during disasters. You can rent phones for about $40/week and then pay about $1.00/minute for basic service or you can buy the phones for $700 to $2000 each and negotiate rates in the area of $0.85/minute. So as you can see this is not an inexpensive option, but usable depending on the need for communications.
VSAT
VSAT is an acronym for Very Small Aperture Terminal, an earthbound station used in satellite communications of data, voice and video signals. A VSAT consists of two parts, a transceiver that is placed outdoors in direct line of sight to the satellite and a device that is placed indoors to interface the transceiver with the end user's communications device, such as a PC. It is very much like a satellite TV setup.
VSAT service can be placed into two categories: those that provide basic internet access services and those that are enterprise grade. For the small and medium sized business the Internet access type service is often what is selected. Such offerings as: DirectWay, WildBlue, and Connexstar all offer low cost, small business types of back up solutions which use equipment much like the in-home Satellite Television services.
The data rates are in the area of 200 kbps uplink and 1.5 Mbps downlink which is very much like residential DSL service. The cost is about $300 for the equipment and around $100 or less each month. This would provide a small business the ability to utilize VoIP, VPN and connect to the Internet.
For medium and large size businesses there are more sophisticated satellite services. They require satellite antennas, which are 3 to 5 meters in diameter and much more sophisticated and expensive equipment.
Installation of these more sophisticated satellite services can cost in the range of $100K to $250K with monthly operational service charges from $1000 to $5000/month. They provide quality of service and committed information rates as part of the service. They can provide for up to 150 toll-quality phone lines, broadband Internet, and high speed data communications and also provide secure communication (encrypted) is required.
Satellite services can also be rented as part of a contract or call up service. But, rental services are on a first-come-first served basis. As we witnessed during the tropical storms of last year these portable rental satellite service providers were inundated with requests and try as they would there were only so many units to go around. Those who did not plan or contract ahead were left without service.
yes
mainly we can tell that the communication duiring disaster is very inevitable most probaly a radio-fm am could be the best of all also the use of satellite ensure good and quorate mode of communication in the times of a disaster
Ans. 1. In case of any major disaster or emergency situation, it is extremely necessary to have the communication links operational among Government authorities at various levels and the volunteers working in the disaster affected areas to help the affected population.2. It is necessary to ensure that the critical needs to search and rescue operations, relief and response measures are communicated among the authorities of State Government, local administration, voluntary organizations and the affected population. So, reliable alternate communication links are necessary which ensures the rapid movement of the right resources to the right place at the right time.3. Sometimes, some severely affected areas get completely disconnected from other parts of the world. So alternative means of communication can connect these areas with the rest of the world.
This is a very difficult question to answer because it depends upon the geographical area affected (this will determine the infrastructure already in place) and then the nature and magnitude of the disaster (e.g. earthquake, tornado, flood, blizzard, nuclear disaster, hurricane, volcano eruption, fire etc) and the effect this has on that infrastructure (e.g. loss of power, loss of telephone/Internet, loss of mobile reception, collapse of road network etc) and then ultimately on what resources are available by governments and local communities to resolve the communication challenges. Power is often cited as the main component associated with the mitigation (use of other communication systems) and recovery of the different communication systems. The list below is an attempt to list the different types of communications systems that could be used in a disaster: (1) existing wireline/fibre optic phones and cables are in place; (2) existing mobile/cell phone technologies; (3) amateur radio communication systems; (4) governmental, military and disaster relief communications systems; (5) satellite communications systems; (6) business infrared or microwave systems (if available); (7) standard television and/or radio systems (one way communications); (8) people travelling using vehicles on roads; (9) people travelling of bikes; (10) people walking between places.
Satellites are used to effectively communicate during disasters. When a disaster hits, often satellite communication is the only means of communicating. Satellites can also provide authorities with weather updates. http://www.idirect.net/Applications/Business-Continuity-and-Disaster-Preparedness.aspx
Some alternative communication systems during disasters include text messaging, social media platforms, two-way radios, and satellite phones. These systems can help individuals stay connected and informed when traditional communication channels are compromised.
Battery-powered, of course.
radios,satellites, satellites phones,ham radio are the various communication facilities during disasters
yes
mainly we can tell that the communication duiring disaster is very inevitable most probaly a radio-fm am could be the best of all also the use of satellite ensure good and quorate mode of communication in the times of a disaster
amatuer radio,telephone,satellite
Semaphore, message couriers, tapping, carrier pigeons, and sign language are all possible communication alternatives.
There was no communication systems in the civil war. The only system was the telegraph and that was often cut.
u see above pictuers that is the answer of this question
MORSE CODING AND WIG WAGGING
what is mean by diasaters Natural disasters are often frightening and difficult for us to understand, because we have no control over when and where they happen. What we can control is how prepared we are as communities and governments to deal with the dangers that natural disasters bring. Places that are more likely to have natural disasters, such as the earthquake-prone Pacific Ring of Fire, or coastal areas vulnerable to hurricanes, require accurate methods of predicting disasters and warning the public quickly. Once the people have been informed, evacuation routes must be provided so that they can all leave quickly and safely, even if they travel by foot. Emergency warnings and evacuation plans are not enough, though. Where there is a high risk of earthquakes, buildings need to be strong and... (more)
Communication equipment, procedures, and systems can operate together during a response.