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Classical Marxist theory, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, posits that societal development is driven by material conditions and class struggle. It argues that capitalism, characterized by private ownership of the means of production, creates inherent class conflicts between the bourgeoisie (capitalists) and the proletariat (workers). Marx believed that this conflict would ultimately lead to the overthrow of capitalism and the establishment of a classless, communist society. Central to this theory is the idea that economic factors shape social structures, politics, and ideology.

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