ionosphere
The ionosphere - specifically the e-layer
The atmospheric layer that refracts (bends) radio signals is called the ionosphere. The radio waves are reflected a little, as you say, but are mostly refracted, that is, bent, back to earth. Happenss in the daytime, too, but too little to be useful in most cases. By the way, it is a similar process that messes up GPS locator precision.
It is simply done like how your light-bulb works. charged particles(negative) attract positive particles and together they heat up. a good book to get more information on is BC Science probe 6.
Electric charge! The drum is coated with a photo-conductive layer, whose electrical resistance changes when exposed to light. In the old days this was based on selenium, but nowadays it uses an organic plastic compound. First the drum is electrically charged using a 'corona wire' - a very fine wire grid at high voltage. Then a laser (or, these days, an LED array) is used to expose the 'white' areas, causing electric charge to leach away in those areas. Next toner (which is itself tumbled to build up an electric charge) is brushed over the drum, so that it sticks only to the electrically charged ('black') areas on the drum. It's then a simple matter to get the toner off the drum and onto the paper. Finally the drum is cleaned with a brush and/or wiper blade, and electrically discharged using a 'quench' lamp before the whole process starts again.
Forces that do not require contact are known as non-contact forces. The primary examples include gravitational force, electromagnetic force, and nuclear force. Gravitational force acts at a distance between masses, electromagnetic force operates between charged particles, and nuclear force binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, all without the need for physical contact. These forces can influence objects over varying distances, depending on the nature of the interaction.
Ionosphere.
Comes from electrically charged particles in the clouds. They get charged by bouncing off of one another and then when the charge overflows it makes lightning.
yes ions are electrically charged particles in the troposphere
Ions
Plasma is a state of matter that consists of electrically charged particles. Plasma is found in stars, lightning, and neon lights, among other things.
The Answer is...... IONOSPHERE
Yes, liquids can contain electrically charged particles, such as ions. In some liquids, molecules can dissociate into ions, carrying positive or negative charges. These charged particles can contribute to the electrical conductivity and other properties of the liquid.
electric current
It is solar wind
They are protons.
solar flare
The Ionosphere. ~Baby