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In which atmosphere layer contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves?

The ionosphere - specifically the e-layer


What is the layer of electrically charged particles in the thermosphere that absorbs AM radio waves during the day and reflects them back at night?

The atmospheric layer that refracts (bends) radio signals is called the ionosphere. The radio waves are reflected a little, as you say, but are mostly refracted, that is, bent, back to earth. Happenss in the daytime, too, but too little to be useful in most cases. By the way, it is a similar process that messes up GPS locator precision.


How do you get a magnet red hot?

It is simply done like how your light-bulb works. charged particles(negative) attract positive particles and together they heat up. a good book to get more information on is BC Science probe 6.


During the laser printing process what determines when the toner sticks to the drum and when it does not?

Electric charge! The drum is coated with a photo-conductive layer, whose electrical resistance changes when exposed to light. In the old days this was based on selenium, but nowadays it uses an organic plastic compound. First the drum is electrically charged using a 'corona wire' - a very fine wire grid at high voltage. Then a laser (or, these days, an LED array) is used to expose the 'white' areas, causing electric charge to leach away in those areas. Next toner (which is itself tumbled to build up an electric charge) is brushed over the drum, so that it sticks only to the electrically charged ('black') areas on the drum. It's then a simple matter to get the toner off the drum and onto the paper. Finally the drum is cleaned with a brush and/or wiper blade, and electrically discharged using a 'quench' lamp before the whole process starts again.


What forces don't use contact?

Forces that do not require contact are known as non-contact forces. The primary examples include gravitational force, electromagnetic force, and nuclear force. Gravitational force acts at a distance between masses, electromagnetic force operates between charged particles, and nuclear force binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei, all without the need for physical contact. These forces can influence objects over varying distances, depending on the nature of the interaction.