The ionosphere - specifically the e-layer
The ionosphere.
ionosphere
The atmospheric layer that refracts (bends) radio signals is called the ionosphere. The radio waves are reflected a little, as you say, but are mostly refracted, that is, bent, back to earth. Happenss in the daytime, too, but too little to be useful in most cases. By the way, it is a similar process that messes up GPS locator precision.
It is simply done like how your light-bulb works. charged particles(negative) attract positive particles and together they heat up. a good book to get more information on is BC Science probe 6.
Everything on earth is composed of atoms, and within each atom is a nucleus, which contains protons (positive particles) and neutrons (non charged particles). Outside of the nucleus, there are negative particles that revolve around the nucleus and they are known as electrons. One of the earliest Greek philosophers named Thales experimented with amber and rubbed it until it developed an electromechanical charge and was able to pick up small objects with it. The Greek word for amber is elektron. So, that is most likely the root of the word for electron.
Electric charge! The drum is coated with a photo-conductive layer, whose electrical resistance changes when exposed to light. In the old days this was based on selenium, but nowadays it uses an organic plastic compound. First the drum is electrically charged using a 'corona wire' - a very fine wire grid at high voltage. Then a laser (or, these days, an LED array) is used to expose the 'white' areas, causing electric charge to leach away in those areas. Next toner (which is itself tumbled to build up an electric charge) is brushed over the drum, so that it sticks only to the electrically charged ('black') areas on the drum. It's then a simple matter to get the toner off the drum and onto the paper. Finally the drum is cleaned with a brush and/or wiper blade, and electrically discharged using a 'quench' lamp before the whole process starts again.
In air Atmosphere it is Ionosphere.
The ozone layer contains electrical charged particles that reflects radio waves
The Ionosphere
They are found in the Ionosphere.
protons
yes ions are electrically charged particles in the troposphere
ions are electrically charged particles
ionosphere
Yes, some liquids have electrically charged particles, such as salt water.
In air Atmosphere it is Ionosphere.
The ozone layer contains electrical charged particles that reflects radio waves
Ions