Different customs in pronunciation of the Hebrew Aleph-bet. Specifically, the letter "Tav"/"Sav" (ת) which is the final letter in Shabbat/Shabbas (שבת) is pronounced like a "T" by Sephardi, Mizrahi, Liberal Jewish, and Israeli communities. It is pronounced like an "S" by Orthodox Ashkenazi communities. The differences in letter pronunciation developed over time as the Hebrew spoken in Europe began to take on more "European-sounding" aspects.
A similar example of this trend is that there is a disagreement between Ashkenazim and Mizrahim on how to pronounce the letter "Sadi"/"Tzadi" (צ). Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Liberal Jewish, and Israeli communities all pronounce it as a "ts" sound, which is analogous to the Slavic "c". Mizrahi Jewish communities pronounce the letter as an emphatic "s", which is analogous to the Arabic "sad" (ص). This results in Ashkenazi and Mainstream Jews saying "Matzah" while Mizrahi Jews will say "Masah".
Shabbat shalom is a Jewish greeting which we say during the day of Shabbat. See also:More about the Jewish Shabbat
The 3 stars in the sky say that Shabbat is over.
Yes.
Only in years where Yom Kippur happens to fall on Shabbat (Saturday). Otherwise, no.
Yes and no. Shabbat Shalom is only said on Fridays and Saturdays.
You don't. You only say Shabbat shalom in Hebrew. If you are asking how French Jews greet each other on Shabbat, they say "Shabbat Shalom"
They say Shabbat blessings for their children.
Shabbat Shalom (שבת שלום).Note: This means 'A peaceful shabbat'. The phrase "happy shabbat" is not a phrase that is traditionally used.
Shabbat shalom is a Jewish greeting which we say during the day of Shabbat. See also:More about the Jewish Shabbat
If I understand your question, you are asking how to say Sabbath in Hebrew:Sabbath = Shabbat, שבתIn the ashkenazi dialect, the word שבת is pronounced "Shabbes".
'Shabbat shalom', which means 'A peaceful Sabbath', is said during Shabbat - sundown Friday to Saturday after twilight.
Shabbat Shalom is a greeting that Jews say to each other on Shabbat (the sabbath). It means "A peaceful Shabbat"
At a shabbat service at your home or at a synogauge you may light the shabbat candles and say the shabbat blessings. Also some people follow it with hallah and/or a kiddush.
The 3 stars in the sky say that Shabbat is over.
Yes, that's the customary response.
"Shabbat Shalom!"
Yes.