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Brief note on the law of superposition?
It is a law that the higher the rock layer is the younger it is. The deeper it is the older the rock layer is.
What causes depletion of the ozone layer?
Increases in the substances that decrease the amount of ozone present. Free radicals, CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons (in aerosols and such). ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the production and destruction of stratospheric ozone tipped in favor of destruction. Ozone depletion is caused by the Ozone Depleting Substances(ODS) which are man-made chemicals and stay in the stratosphere causing the rate of depletion of ozone greater than its rate of formation. CFCs The release of CFCs into the atmosphere causes the ozone atoms to break down when warmed. Notably, the layer is depleted dramatically when the sun fails to rise over the polar regions, causing the hole in the ozone layer. The most common factor is a lack of sunlight, although the greatest single event to cause ozone depletion has been noted as a solar mass ejection. These flares tear through the ozone layer and can take years to correct. You can read the scientific description, below. The main causes of ozone layer depletion are: water vapor (Nature and Man),CFC's (ChloroFluoroCarbons, Man),halons (Man),carbon tetrachloride and methylchloroform (found so far in increasing amounts at lower altitudes, Nature and Man), andbromine oxide (volcanos), and bromine from manmade sources. Manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons, bromofluorocarbons and water vapor the major depleters of the ozone layer. There is evidence that natural sources of bromides and chlorides from ocean spray and volcanos can contribute to the depletion of the ozone as well as the Chloro- and Bromo- fluorocarbons. It is thought that these levels have been constant from the ocean and the "normal" ozone levels are in balance with this natural depletion. The simplified reactions are: CFCl3 + hν -> CFCl2 + Cl Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2 ClO + O3 + hv(?) -> Cl + 2 O2 In words: Chlorofluorocarbons undergo dissociation in the presence of sunlight to produce a chlorine ion molecule. This molecule combines with ozone to reduce it to oxygen and a ClO molecule.The ClO attacks another Ozone molecule producing atomic oxygen and a chloride ion. The recreation of the Cl ion and the reactive ClO lets the chlorine reform and participate through many cycles. The role of water vapor is that it blocks one path of ozone formation (temporary storage of an oxygen atom on an N2 molecule, N2O*, becoming stable N2O which is mistakenly presented as an ozone depleter but is a water scavenger) and increases ozone decay (via production of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). Noctilucent clouds show that water vapor has been increasing near the ozone layer over the last 100+ years. Only ozone (not oxygen) in our current atmopshere can absorb UV-B radiation which is very very harmful for all the living organisms when it is at elevated levels. Potential impacts are death to algae and phytoplankton... all surface life in eventually, diseases and cancer. The fluorine in some of these compounds does not contribute to the destruction of ozone. Ozone cannot displace fluorine from whatever molecule it is joined to. The largest player of both Man's and Nature's depletion of ozone is water vapor. The largest player of solely Man's efforts to the depletion of ozone is the CFCs used late in the 20th century, and still being made in the third world. These compounds are so stable, they are only removed from the air in the "ozone layer". The concentration of ozone at any point in the atmosphere, is the result of a balance between reactions that make ozone, the natural decay of ozone, and destruction of ozone by other compounds. With the Montreal protocol to ban ODS (ozone depleting substances) releases the present atmospheric load of brominated and chlorinated substances should decrease in time. Global warming and ozone depletion are not the same problem. Aside: In preparing for nuclear war the USA removed all Freon cooling systems from its atomic bomb carrying ICBMs so the the ozone layer would not be affected during a missile strike. The amount of ozone at any point is a balance of those three processes. Production / decay / consumption. "ozone depleting substances" is more generic, since other chlorine- and bromine-containing molecules, which are produced by Man, have been found "up there" too. Note that CFCs are not "produced by aerosols", but were intentionally manufactured for the purposes of refrigerant or aerosol propellant. Not too many countries are still making / using CFCs. The amount of ozone in the atmosphere in any given volume is the summation of: (+) photoproduction of oxygen into ozone.(+) photoactivation and decay of N2O* into N2 and ozone.(-) destruction of ozone with time.(-) increase in rate of destruction by increasing temperature.(-) destruction of ozone by water vapor.(-) destruction of ozone by other compounds / catalysts.(+/-) diffusion of ozone into or out of the volume being considered. So thinning results from a reduction in 1 and/or 2, an increase in any of 3 thru 6, or 7 ozone bleeding out into other spaces (seen adjacent to the ozone hole). Below is a link that talks about CFC chemistry, about halfway down the page. The largest known thinning of ozone occurred in September of 1859 due to solar activity. Lack of sunlight is the known primary cause of the thinning area above each pole. No thinning has occurred over equatorial areas.
What atmosphere filters out 95 percent of UV radiation?
The ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere filters out about 95 percent of UV radiation from the sun. However, it is important to note that some UV radiation still reaches the Earth's surface, especially in areas where the ozone layer is depleted.
How do greenhouse gases deplete the ozone layer?
There are two fairly weak direct effects on the ozone layer of combustion, but more combustion byproducts:Reduces available oxygen, from which to make ozone. This effect would take a long time to reach the ozone layer.Soot particles that might make it to the ozone layer (by some stretch) and these will directly consume some ozone (making CO2).Associated with most power production (including coal) are large cooling towers. These dump waste heat to the atmosphere, as water vapor. Both heat and water vapor also decrease ozone concentrations... but these also are released below the cloud layer, so effects will yet still be minimal.A vehicle that runs on petroleum produces these effects. A vehicle that runs on renewable fuels produces these effects, but the plants are in place to absorb the CO2 again. But all non-electric vehicles release water vapor into the atmosphere... even fuel cells. And during charging of wet-cell batteries, even they release hydrogen (which largely oxidizes to water vapor).Let's break this into two questions:How does air pollution affect trophospheric ozone, or ozone in the air we breathe?Air pollution is inclusive of ozone. Ozone is made by NOx (a byproduct of combustion), VOCs (unburned fuel and compounds from natural sources too), and violet to ultraviolet light from the Sun. So air pollution and sunlight makes more / different air pollution.How does air pollution affect the ozone layer?There is no clear direct link between air pollution and depletion of the ozone layer. However, combustion processes decrease oxygen and increase water vapor. Both of these serve to decrease ozone concentrations in the upper atmosphere. It just takes months for some of these "pollutants" (or decreased oxygen levels) to propagate to the upper atmosphere. Probably more damaging is the loss of plants...Bus exhaust consumes oxygen, which eventually will not be available to make ozone. Bus exhaust releases water vapor, which can in part reach the tropopause a increase the rate at which ozone decays.However, bus exhaust will have a smaller net effect on the "ozone layer" than each passenger driving his or her own car.Ozone is formed from oxygen. Cars decrease oxygen, so reduce the amount of oxygen that is available to eventually migrate up to the tropopause.Ozone is catalyzed to decay by the presence of water vapor. Cars produce water as a waste product, so increase the humidity that is available to eventually migrate up to the tropopause.Cars produce NOx and VOCs, which produce ozone at low altitiude, where it does nothing to protect us, yet further reduces the amount of oxygen available AND migrate up to help make ozone at altitude too. (so a little plus and minus.)Note that aircraft do all this much closer to the tropopause.All of this is also true (except for the NOx part) of the little 80 watt light bulbs that are called people. And cows. And decay on forest floors, waste heaps, and sewage treatment plants.Which is not to say "ozone holes" do not form naturally. Which is not to say that if ozone is destroyed in the tropopause, it will not form at any altitude that 215nm UV reaches. Only that all processes are interconnected.Pollutants can cause Ozone Layer depletion, and large gaps to form in the ozone above a certain specific area.We have identified some compounds in the "ozone hole", and they were primarily (at one time) refrigerants.bBurning fossil fuels produces CO2 it is the CO2 that is destroying to ozone layer.The fuel makes air pollution witch makes the ozone layer thinWater vapor in air pollution blocks one path of ozone formation (involving N2O*), and accelerates the natural decay of ozone (via formation of H2O2).To the extent that air pollution increases temperatures, increasing temperature increases the rate of ozone decay (ozone absorbs IR, so surface temps couple to the "ozone layer" too).If air pollution includes compounds that are not fully oxidized, and they make it as high as the "Ozone layer", ozone will be consumed in oxidizing them.If air pollution is produced by lowering oxygen concentration, then less ozone is made by the Sun, since ozone is made from oxygen.exhausts give of cfc's ( chlora flora carbons ) which harms the ozone. other dangers gases are given off to such as carbon monoxideAir pollution has thinned the protective ozone layer above the Earthbecause it damage our O-ZONE LAYERPollution is bad. Burning of some fossil fuels can be bad. They have virtually zero influence on the ozone layer. The cycles of our sun carry a heavier effect on the layer. Perhaps the supervisor could explain how CO2 causes issues with the ozone layer prior to deleting the comments they disagree with.Yes pollution affects the ozone layer
How does water vapor destroy the ozone layer?
Water vapor does not "destroy" the ozone layer. It has a small part to play. By far the greatest damage is caused by chlorofluorocarbons.There are two methods by which water vapor serves to reduce ozone concentration in the ozone layer.Ozone is formed in part by N2O (nitrous oxide) dropping an oxygen atom onto an oxygen molecule. If the N2O encounters water first, it simply becomes NOx, and the ozone that could have been formed wasn't. Rate constant is very high.Ozone decays in the presence of water via essentially formation of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Rate constant is fairly low, but the stuff just hangs around "up there"...Note that excesses of NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) are found in the ozone holes... and polar clouds are spotted during periods where the ozone hole is larger.
Brief note on the law of superposition?
It is a law that the higher the rock layer is the younger it is. The deeper it is the older the rock layer is.
What causes depletion of the ozone layer?
Increases in the substances that decrease the amount of ozone present. Free radicals, CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons (in aerosols and such). ozone depletion occurs when the natural balance between the production and destruction of stratospheric ozone tipped in favor of destruction. Ozone depletion is caused by the Ozone Depleting Substances(ODS) which are man-made chemicals and stay in the stratosphere causing the rate of depletion of ozone greater than its rate of formation. CFCs The release of CFCs into the atmosphere causes the ozone atoms to break down when warmed. Notably, the layer is depleted dramatically when the sun fails to rise over the polar regions, causing the hole in the ozone layer. The most common factor is a lack of sunlight, although the greatest single event to cause ozone depletion has been noted as a solar mass ejection. These flares tear through the ozone layer and can take years to correct. You can read the scientific description, below. The main causes of ozone layer depletion are: water vapor (Nature and Man),CFC's (ChloroFluoroCarbons, Man),halons (Man),carbon tetrachloride and methylchloroform (found so far in increasing amounts at lower altitudes, Nature and Man), andbromine oxide (volcanos), and bromine from manmade sources. Manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons, bromofluorocarbons and water vapor the major depleters of the ozone layer. There is evidence that natural sources of bromides and chlorides from ocean spray and volcanos can contribute to the depletion of the ozone as well as the Chloro- and Bromo- fluorocarbons. It is thought that these levels have been constant from the ocean and the "normal" ozone levels are in balance with this natural depletion. The simplified reactions are: CFCl3 + hν -> CFCl2 + Cl Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2 ClO + O3 + hv(?) -> Cl + 2 O2 In words: Chlorofluorocarbons undergo dissociation in the presence of sunlight to produce a chlorine ion molecule. This molecule combines with ozone to reduce it to oxygen and a ClO molecule.The ClO attacks another Ozone molecule producing atomic oxygen and a chloride ion. The recreation of the Cl ion and the reactive ClO lets the chlorine reform and participate through many cycles. The role of water vapor is that it blocks one path of ozone formation (temporary storage of an oxygen atom on an N2 molecule, N2O*, becoming stable N2O which is mistakenly presented as an ozone depleter but is a water scavenger) and increases ozone decay (via production of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). Noctilucent clouds show that water vapor has been increasing near the ozone layer over the last 100+ years. Only ozone (not oxygen) in our current atmopshere can absorb UV-B radiation which is very very harmful for all the living organisms when it is at elevated levels. Potential impacts are death to algae and phytoplankton... all surface life in eventually, diseases and cancer. The fluorine in some of these compounds does not contribute to the destruction of ozone. Ozone cannot displace fluorine from whatever molecule it is joined to. The largest player of both Man's and Nature's depletion of ozone is water vapor. The largest player of solely Man's efforts to the depletion of ozone is the CFCs used late in the 20th century, and still being made in the third world. These compounds are so stable, they are only removed from the air in the "ozone layer". The concentration of ozone at any point in the atmosphere, is the result of a balance between reactions that make ozone, the natural decay of ozone, and destruction of ozone by other compounds. With the Montreal protocol to ban ODS (ozone depleting substances) releases the present atmospheric load of brominated and chlorinated substances should decrease in time. Global warming and ozone depletion are not the same problem. Aside: In preparing for nuclear war the USA removed all Freon cooling systems from its atomic bomb carrying ICBMs so the the ozone layer would not be affected during a missile strike. The amount of ozone at any point is a balance of those three processes. Production / decay / consumption. "ozone depleting substances" is more generic, since other chlorine- and bromine-containing molecules, which are produced by Man, have been found "up there" too. Note that CFCs are not "produced by aerosols", but were intentionally manufactured for the purposes of refrigerant or aerosol propellant. Not too many countries are still making / using CFCs. The amount of ozone in the atmosphere in any given volume is the summation of: (+) photoproduction of oxygen into ozone.(+) photoactivation and decay of N2O* into N2 and ozone.(-) destruction of ozone with time.(-) increase in rate of destruction by increasing temperature.(-) destruction of ozone by water vapor.(-) destruction of ozone by other compounds / catalysts.(+/-) diffusion of ozone into or out of the volume being considered. So thinning results from a reduction in 1 and/or 2, an increase in any of 3 thru 6, or 7 ozone bleeding out into other spaces (seen adjacent to the ozone hole). Below is a link that talks about CFC chemistry, about halfway down the page. The largest known thinning of ozone occurred in September of 1859 due to solar activity. Lack of sunlight is the known primary cause of the thinning area above each pole. No thinning has occurred over equatorial areas.
What atmosphere filters out 95 percent of UV radiation?
The ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere filters out about 95 percent of UV radiation from the sun. However, it is important to note that some UV radiation still reaches the Earth's surface, especially in areas where the ozone layer is depleted.
How do greenhouse gases deplete the ozone layer?
There are two fairly weak direct effects on the ozone layer of combustion, but more combustion byproducts:Reduces available oxygen, from which to make ozone. This effect would take a long time to reach the ozone layer.Soot particles that might make it to the ozone layer (by some stretch) and these will directly consume some ozone (making CO2).Associated with most power production (including coal) are large cooling towers. These dump waste heat to the atmosphere, as water vapor. Both heat and water vapor also decrease ozone concentrations... but these also are released below the cloud layer, so effects will yet still be minimal.A vehicle that runs on petroleum produces these effects. A vehicle that runs on renewable fuels produces these effects, but the plants are in place to absorb the CO2 again. But all non-electric vehicles release water vapor into the atmosphere... even fuel cells. And during charging of wet-cell batteries, even they release hydrogen (which largely oxidizes to water vapor).Let's break this into two questions:How does air pollution affect trophospheric ozone, or ozone in the air we breathe?Air pollution is inclusive of ozone. Ozone is made by NOx (a byproduct of combustion), VOCs (unburned fuel and compounds from natural sources too), and violet to ultraviolet light from the Sun. So air pollution and sunlight makes more / different air pollution.How does air pollution affect the ozone layer?There is no clear direct link between air pollution and depletion of the ozone layer. However, combustion processes decrease oxygen and increase water vapor. Both of these serve to decrease ozone concentrations in the upper atmosphere. It just takes months for some of these "pollutants" (or decreased oxygen levels) to propagate to the upper atmosphere. Probably more damaging is the loss of plants...Bus exhaust consumes oxygen, which eventually will not be available to make ozone. Bus exhaust releases water vapor, which can in part reach the tropopause a increase the rate at which ozone decays.However, bus exhaust will have a smaller net effect on the "ozone layer" than each passenger driving his or her own car.Ozone is formed from oxygen. Cars decrease oxygen, so reduce the amount of oxygen that is available to eventually migrate up to the tropopause.Ozone is catalyzed to decay by the presence of water vapor. Cars produce water as a waste product, so increase the humidity that is available to eventually migrate up to the tropopause.Cars produce NOx and VOCs, which produce ozone at low altitiude, where it does nothing to protect us, yet further reduces the amount of oxygen available AND migrate up to help make ozone at altitude too. (so a little plus and minus.)Note that aircraft do all this much closer to the tropopause.All of this is also true (except for the NOx part) of the little 80 watt light bulbs that are called people. And cows. And decay on forest floors, waste heaps, and sewage treatment plants.Which is not to say "ozone holes" do not form naturally. Which is not to say that if ozone is destroyed in the tropopause, it will not form at any altitude that 215nm UV reaches. Only that all processes are interconnected.Pollutants can cause Ozone Layer depletion, and large gaps to form in the ozone above a certain specific area.We have identified some compounds in the "ozone hole", and they were primarily (at one time) refrigerants.bBurning fossil fuels produces CO2 it is the CO2 that is destroying to ozone layer.The fuel makes air pollution witch makes the ozone layer thinWater vapor in air pollution blocks one path of ozone formation (involving N2O*), and accelerates the natural decay of ozone (via formation of H2O2).To the extent that air pollution increases temperatures, increasing temperature increases the rate of ozone decay (ozone absorbs IR, so surface temps couple to the "ozone layer" too).If air pollution includes compounds that are not fully oxidized, and they make it as high as the "Ozone layer", ozone will be consumed in oxidizing them.If air pollution is produced by lowering oxygen concentration, then less ozone is made by the Sun, since ozone is made from oxygen.exhausts give of cfc's ( chlora flora carbons ) which harms the ozone. other dangers gases are given off to such as carbon monoxideAir pollution has thinned the protective ozone layer above the Earthbecause it damage our O-ZONE LAYERPollution is bad. Burning of some fossil fuels can be bad. They have virtually zero influence on the ozone layer. The cycles of our sun carry a heavier effect on the layer. Perhaps the supervisor could explain how CO2 causes issues with the ozone layer prior to deleting the comments they disagree with.Yes pollution affects the ozone layer
Why is stratospheric Ozone a gas if it boils at 111.9 ºC?
You have your facts wrong. Ozone boils at -111.9°C. It is warmer than that in the ozone layer. Note that water is sometimes a gas at low temperature, even though it boils at 100°C. Clouds, rain, "humidity".
How does water vapor destroy the ozone layer?
Water vapor does not "destroy" the ozone layer. It has a small part to play. By far the greatest damage is caused by chlorofluorocarbons.There are two methods by which water vapor serves to reduce ozone concentration in the ozone layer.Ozone is formed in part by N2O (nitrous oxide) dropping an oxygen atom onto an oxygen molecule. If the N2O encounters water first, it simply becomes NOx, and the ozone that could have been formed wasn't. Rate constant is very high.Ozone decays in the presence of water via essentially formation of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Rate constant is fairly low, but the stuff just hangs around "up there"...Note that excesses of NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) are found in the ozone holes... and polar clouds are spotted during periods where the ozone hole is larger.
Did scientific knowledge and explanations about the ozone layer change over time?
Yes. First we didn't know we had an ozone layer, and we didn't know that the Sun made very energetic radiation that it radiated towards us in quantities sufficient to kill us and sterilize the Earth's surface. Next we discovered the ozone layer, and spotted energetic radiation (UV-B) arriving at Earth's surface from distant stars through the newly discovered ozone hole that were not too much hotter than than our own Sun. Whoa, this means the ozone layer is protecting us! Then we spotted chemicals in the ozone hole, some of which were in the middle of an ozone "meal", and assumed the hole was made by them. A little more than 80% of those chemicals are only made by Man. Still we look at the "problem" with a choice of personal blinders, whether we want to believe we are "guilty of all harm", or that we are "too small to matter", and we get confused by the distractions raised by either of those two camps. Regardless of the cause, more UV-B is arriving on the "heads" of more people with each passing year. Note in the attached link, that very few people live near the equator, where "UV-B intensity is relatively unchanged". And we'll have yet more to discover in the future...
Is the hole in the ozone layer getting larger?
yesbut in some parts theres no hole but the ozone is too thickThe ozone hole this (2009) winter/spring (south pole) was a little smaller than the record size. Whether Man had any part in that "improvement" through his efforts remains to be seen. Note that the ozone hole is an annual repeating phenomenon at each pole, and the southern ozone hole is naturally larger than the northern ozone hole.
During what season in the southern hemisphere does the ozone hole become largest?
At the south pole for 2008, the largest ozone "hole" size (27 million square kilometers) was on September 12, the least ozone on a vertical path (100 Dobson units as compared to ~220 for summer values) occurred on October 4. The north pole should have a similar feature about six months earlier / later, when the Sun is not shining on the north pole, then starts shining on it. Note that an "ozone hole" is not truly a hole, as there is still some ozone in the atmosphere there.
What are the layers called that protect us from uv rays?
The "ozone" layer is particularly important for absorbing UV rays since the molecular bonds in ozone vibrate at the frequency of UV radiation and absorb it quite well. The ozone layer lies near the bottom of the stratosphere. Note that UV radiation spans a range of frequencies. UV-A is the least absorbed/reflected UV radiation. Mostly the atmosphere lets it through. UV-B is absorbed mostly by the ozone in the atmosphere - mostly in the ozone layer in the stratosphere, but there is ozone at all layers of the atmosphere. UV-C is absorbed by the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere - so very little of that makes it through; the atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.
What is the term for gases produced by aerosols and manufacturing that destroys earth ozone layer?
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) "ozone depleting substances" are more generic, since other chlorine- and bromine-containing molecules, which are produced by Man, have been found "up there" too. Note that CFCs are not "produced by aerosols", but were intentionally manufactured for the purposes of refrigerant and propellant. Not too many countries are still making / using CFCs.
A brief note on evolution of computer networks?
no
