From Susan Ward Aber, in her paper, "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Diamonds":
"Diamond may be up to 3 billion years old, which is much older than their surface host rock. Diamond crystallization originates some 200 kilometers, or 320 miles, beneath the surface and the disaggregated crystals are merely transported to the surface via kimberlite and lamproite [volcanic] pipes. These igneous host rock formations are roughly cylindrical in shape and act as a conduit from the Earth's mantle to the contintental crust."
In order for the [volcanic] pipe to exist, "...Volcanic pipes form as the result of violent eruptions of deep-origin volcanoes."
Read more about volcanic pipes, below.
'Allow' means to make possible, so you could say that erosion allows diamonds to reach the earth's surface. But it's more interesting than that. Diamonds are formed deep within the earth's mantle and are erupted to the surface -- or near the surface to account for erosion, as above -- by volcanic pipes.
Kimberlites are the rock type that diamonds are usually found in. They are formed when a magma from deep in the mantle drills its way to the surface in a fast gaseous explosive event. Diamonds typically occur as xenocrysts within the Kimberlite matrix. the volcanic deposits are called Lamproite igneous volcanic pipes. Please see the related links.
Those events can cause significant disruptions to Earth's surface. Volcanic eruptions release ash and lava, which can alter landscapes and affect local ecosystems. Earthquakes can result in shaking and shifting of the ground, potentially causing landslides, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure.
The iron catastrophe is termed a catastrophe because it refers to a major event in the formation of a planet where iron sinks to the core due to its high density, causing other elements to rise to the surface. This process leads to the differentiation of a planet into distinct layers, which can dramatically affect its geophysical and geochemical properties.
A black hole. However, it does not have a surface but an event horizon.
'Allow' means to make possible, so you could say that erosion allows diamonds to reach the earth's surface. But it's more interesting than that. Diamonds are formed deep within the earth's mantle and are erupted to the surface -- or near the surface to account for erosion, as above -- by volcanic pipes.
tornadoes
a total eclipse
Yes. Asteroids can enter earth's atmosphere. In such an event the asteroid will probably strike earth's surface.
the mass extiction
An eclipse
It is the probability of that event.
You must OD on gas medicine.
No, the Event Horizon is outside the singularity.The singularity probably has no surface as it is an infinitesimal point.
The phrase commonly used to describe the event horizon in black holes is "point of no return."
Ice age
Yes, some meteorites contain diamonds. These diamonds are formed under extreme pressure and temperature conditions during the impact event that creates the meteorite. However, diamonds in meteorites are usually microscopic in size.