There are a number of instruments aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The primary telescope does collect light in the visible spectrum.
Sound waves are not detected by telescopes, as telescopes are instruments that are designed to detect electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, X rays, and visible light. Sound waves require a medium, such as air or water, to travel through, and can't propagate through the vacuum of space where telescopes operate.
No, visible light and ultraviolet light are not the same. Visible light is the range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, while ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light, making it invisible to the human eye.
Makemake is not visible to the naked eye, or even to very large telescopes. It is barely detectable only through a detailed computer analysis using the most powerful telescopes in the world, or in space.
That is not the case. While countries may share the cost of launching a telescope into space (and share the time on it), individual countries have launched their own telescopes - eg Hubble is not international, it belongs to NASA/US.
Those terms are most commonly used for optical telescopes. However, the same design can be used for non-visible frequencies; for example, radio telescopes of the "satellite dish" variety are essentially reflecting telescopes.
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The main difference between Hubble Space Telescopes and other telescopes is the fact that the Hubble is placed in outer space where it can observe without the distortion of the Earth's atmosphere.
As far as I know, there is no "optical radio telescope". There are, separately, optical telescopes (which work with visible light), and radio telescopes (which work with radio waves).
Galileo's telescope is what is called a refractory visible light telescope. It takes visible light and uses lenses to condense a lot of light down to what will fit into your eye. It was very rudimentary and could not see very much detail. Today, there are still refractory visible light telescopes. In fact, these are used by amateur astronomers to capture excellent pictures of the universe around us. They are limited in their aperture however (the size of the opening pointed toward the stars). There are many other kinds of telescopes now also. Reflecting telescopes can be much bigger. Currently, the largest are the Keck telescopes in Hawaii where there are two that have an aperture of 10 meters, where as Galileo's was only 10-25 mm. Besides visible light, we now use telescopes to see all the wavelengths of light, from radio waves through microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma rays.
Telescopes are made to view distant objects that cannot be seen clearly with the human eye. Many telescopes only collect light that is visible to the human eye, but others can collect different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation including x-rays, ultraviolet, and infrared.
Most to all of the milky way is visible through sattelite telescopes as well as other galaxies, but only our local spiral arm is visible from here.
Yes, if you know just where to look. You can see it with the naked eye. Go to spaceweather.com and click the "Satellite Flybys" link. Enter your ZIP code (in the USA) or enter your location to see a list of the visible objects. Low-altitude satellites are visible only when the Sun has set at your location, but the satellite is still in the light; that is, shortly after sunset or before sunrise.
Hubble being in space does not have a problem of seeing which is caused by atmospheric blurring and thus can observe light at more wavelengths. Its only limitation is by diffraction in its optics
Sound waves are not detected by telescopes, as telescopes are instruments that are designed to detect electromagnetic radiation, such as radio waves, X rays, and visible light. Sound waves require a medium, such as air or water, to travel through, and can't propagate through the vacuum of space where telescopes operate.
No. We can also see into space using infrared and radio wave telescopes, space probes and of course visits by humans.
No, there's a great number of highly specialized telescopes in orbit. The most famous ones apart from Hubble are the Spitzer Space Telescope (for infrared) and the Chandra (for X-rays).
The photosphere, chromosphere, and corona of the Sun are typically visible with specific types of telescopes. The photosphere is the lowest layer and what we usually see with the naked eye, while the chromosphere and corona can be observed during a solar eclipse or with specialized solar telescopes that filter out the intense brightness of the photosphere.