Depends how close you reckon a craft has to get to "probe". Mariner 4, launched by the U.S., studied Mars in 1965 - the first craft to do so. Mariner 3 was supposed to be first, but a mechanical failure caused the mission to fail. Mariner 4 sent back detailed photos of the surface taken as it flew within 6000 miles (9700km) of the surface, the first pictures being taken on July 14, 1965.
The first craft to actually land on Mars was the landing unit of Mars 3, a Soviet mission. It touched down on the surface at 13:37:75 UT on December 2nd, 1971. However, transmissions ceased a mere 14.5 seconds later and the craft was never heard from again.
The first Mars space probe expeditions that did not land on Mars were the Mariner missions, specifically Mariner 4, Mariner 6, and Mariner 7. These missions provided the first close-up images of Mars and valuable data about the planet's environment.
The first Mars space probe expedition that did not land on Mars by the US was Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964. It provided the first close-up images of another planet as it conducted a flyby of Mars on July 14, 1965, sending back 21 photos.
The current US Mars probe is called Perseverance. It landed on Mars in February 2021 with the primary goal of searching for signs of past microbial life and collecting samples for future return to Earth.
Titan, by the Huygens Probe, which was part of the Cassini-Huygens Probe.
Voyager
The first Mars space probe expeditions that did not land on Mars were the Mariner missions, specifically Mariner 4, Mariner 6, and Mariner 7. These missions provided the first close-up images of Mars and valuable data about the planet's environment.
Valles Marineris, after the Nasa Mariner space probe that first imaged this huge scar on Mars
The first Mars space probe expedition that did not land on Mars by the US was Mariner 4, launched on November 28, 1964. It provided the first close-up images of another planet as it conducted a flyby of Mars on July 14, 1965, sending back 21 photos.
venus and plutset 1950
Sputnik
Luna I
No space has ever gone to mars. It would around 9 months to get there. A space probe has been sent to Mars and it was called Pathfinder.
First ever satellite to land on the planet Mars was a Russian probe called Mars 2. Albeit it did not land but crashed. The first successful probe to land on Mars was Mars 3 sent by the Russians, however the probe was operational for 15 minutes after landing on Mars. The first American probe to land on Mars was the Viking 1 on the 20th of July 1976.
Beagle 2
Beagle 2
Beagle 2
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