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Depends how close you reckon a craft has to get to "probe". Mariner 4, launched by the U.S., studied Mars in 1965 - the first craft to do so. Mariner 3 was supposed to be first, but a mechanical failure caused the mission to fail. Mariner 4 sent back detailed photos of the surface taken as it flew within 6000 miles (9700km) of the surface, the first pictures being taken on July 14, 1965.

The first craft to actually land on Mars was the landing unit of Mars 3, a Soviet mission. It touched down on the surface at 13:37:75 UT on December 2nd, 1971. However, transmissions ceased a mere 14.5 seconds later and the craft was never heard from again.

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