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Which cells exhibit clonal diversity?
Cells of the immune system, such as B cells and T cells, exhibit clonal diversity. They undergo rearrangement of their antigen receptor genes to generate a diverse repertoire of cells capable of recognizing a wide range of antigens. This clonal diversity allows the immune system to respond to a variety of pathogens and antigens.
Does the influenza virus readily change the expressions of its genetic material?
RNA genome of influenza virus is segmented in to 7 pieces. It has the unique property of undergoing two types of genetic variation ie antigenic drift and antigenic shift. In antigenic drift the antigenic variations are minor where genetic recombination take place between strains of two similar species whereas in antigenic shift the recombination take place between strains of dissimilar species leading to major antigenic variations and hence seasonal epidemics.
Why are viruses important to humans?
Viruses play a crucial role in shaping the human immune system by prompting the body to produce antibodies to fight off infections. They also help in the development of vaccines, which train the immune system to recognize and combat specific viral threats. Additionally, some viruses aid in genetic diversity and evolution within populations.
Small piece of a pathogen that generates an immune response?
Antigen. An antigen is a small piece of a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, that triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to fight off the infection. This immune response helps protect the body from further exposure to the pathogen in the future.
What is the immune disorder that occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal?
The immune disorder that occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal is called primary immunodeficiency. It is a group of genetic disorders that affect the immune system's ability to effectively defend the body against infections. This can lead to recurrent or severe infections and other immune-related complications.
Why is somatic recombination necessary for the development and function of both B-cells and T-cells in the immune system?
Somatic recombination is necessary for B-cells and T-cells in the immune system because it allows for the generation of a diverse range of antigen receptors. This diversity is crucial for recognizing and responding to a wide variety of pathogens, ensuring an effective immune response.
What stopped the bubonic plague disease from killing everyone?
Genetic diversity - some persons were naturally immune.
Is chicken inbreeding a problem that can have negative consequences on the health and genetic diversity of the chicken population?
Yes, chicken inbreeding can lead to negative consequences such as reduced genetic diversity, increased risk of genetic disorders, and weakened immune systems in the chicken population.
What is recombination?
Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of genetic material (usually DNA; but can also be RNA) is broken and then joined to a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paired chromosomes. This process leads to offspring having different combinations of genes from their parents and can produce new chimeric alleles.Genetic recombination is the process by which two DNA molecules exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of a new combination of alleles. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on to progeny. Most recombination is naturally occurring. During meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination involves the pairing of homologous chromosomes. This may be followed by information exchange between the chromosomes. The information exchange may occur without physical exchange (a section of genetic material is copied from one chromosome to another, without the donating chromosome being changed)(see SDSA pathway in Figure); or by the breaking and rejoining of DNAstrands, which forms new molecules of DNA (see DHJ pathway in Figure). Recombination may also occur during mitosis in eukaryotes where it ordinarily involves the two sister chromosomes formed after chromosomal replication. In this case, new combinations of alleles are not produced since the sister chromosomes are usually identical. In meiosis and mitosis, recombination occurs between similar molecules (homologs) of DNA. In meiosis, non-sister homologous chromosomes pair with each other so that recombination characteristically occurs between non-sister homologues. In both meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination between homologous chromosomes is a common mechanism used in DNA repair.Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair also occurs in bacteria and archaea.Recombination can be artificially induced in laboratory (in vitro) settings, producing recombinant DNA for purposes including vaccinedevelopment.V(D)J recombination in organisms with an adaptive immune system is a type of site-specific genetic recombination that helps immune cells rapidly diversify to recognize and adapt to new pathogens.
What are the potential consequences of cat incest on the health and genetic diversity of the offspring?
Inbreeding in cats can lead to health issues and reduced genetic diversity in offspring. This can result in higher chances of genetic disorders, weaker immune systems, and overall poorer health. It can also limit the ability of the population to adapt to changes in the environment.
What are the potential risks and consequences of rabbit inbreeding on the health and genetic diversity of the population?
Inbreeding in rabbits can lead to health issues and reduced genetic diversity within the population. This can result in higher rates of genetic disorders, decreased fertility, and overall weaker immune systems. Over time, inbreeding can lead to a population that is more susceptible to diseases and less able to adapt to changing environments.
What is an antiarrestin?
An antiarrestin is an antibody which generates an immune response to arrestin.
When virus change and produce new?
When viruses undergo genetic mutations or recombination, they can produce new variants. These new variants may have different properties, such as increased transmissibility or evasion of the immune response. This can impact the effectiveness of vaccines and treatments.
Is human blood homo or hetero?
Human blood is heterozygous, meaning that it contains both maternal and paternal genetic information, resulting in a diverse mix of genes. This genetic diversity contributes to the variability in blood types and immune system functions among individuals.
Do viruses use evolution?
Viruses do not have the ability to evolve in the same way as living organisms with DNA. However, they can undergo genetic changes through mutations and recombination which can impact their ability to infect hosts and evade the immune system. This can lead to the emergence of new strains or variants of viruses.
Which cells exhibit clonal diversity?
Cells of the immune system, such as B cells and T cells, exhibit clonal diversity. They undergo rearrangement of their antigen receptor genes to generate a diverse repertoire of cells capable of recognizing a wide range of antigens. This clonal diversity allows the immune system to respond to a variety of pathogens and antigens.
Does the influenza virus readily change the expressions of its genetic material?
RNA genome of influenza virus is segmented in to 7 pieces. It has the unique property of undergoing two types of genetic variation ie antigenic drift and antigenic shift. In antigenic drift the antigenic variations are minor where genetic recombination take place between strains of two similar species whereas in antigenic shift the recombination take place between strains of dissimilar species leading to major antigenic variations and hence seasonal epidemics.
