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Ice can have numerous effects on a landscape. Many of the features of the northern continents -- North America, Europe and Asia -- were sculpted by advancing massive ice sheets during several ice ages. Puget Sound, the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, the fjords of northern Scandinavia and other features across Asia were sculpted and created by the advance of massive ice sheets. Further, the ice sheets were so huge and weighed so much that they actually pressed the continents down into the crust; this is the leading theory to explain why North America is rising throughout the Midwest with accompanying earthquakes in a process called glacial rebound (the continent is gradually springing back up after having been depressed by heavy glaciers).

Less drastically, ice is probably the biggest erosive factor in crumbling mountains apart. As snow and ice melt on a mountain, the water seeps into cracks in the rocks ... when that water re-freezes, the ice expands (because ice is less dense in water, this means that a certain volume of liquid water will expand into a larger volume when frozen into ice), wedging the crack apart and causing solid rock to crumble and fall apart. Ice and snow can pile on thickly onto steep slopes and create tremendous force when their mass becomes unstable due to the angle of the slope and they tumble down in powerful avalanches, taking rocks and even tall vegetation like trees with them in the process.

Ice, in the form of permafrost (frozen ground) creates solid ground in low areas where there would otherwise be swampy bogs; they also trap gases like methane and carbon dioxide within them. The thawing of permafrost is thus a global warming concern, as it is a runaway effect that amplifies the amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases humans are already dumping into the atmosphere.

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