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The law of superposition states that in undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top. Subsurface events, such as tectonic activity or intrusion of magma, can disrupt this order by tilting, folding, or mixing layers. Above-surface events like erosion or sediment deposition can also alter the arrangement and visibility of these layers. Both types of events can complicate the interpretation of geological history and the relative ages of rock formations.

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