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Using a voltage regulator (LM78XX come to mind), or through Pulse Width Modulation.

In the first case, the typical output power will be at 4W tops (LM78XX are typically rated at around 1A of current). In the second case it's up to the design of the PWM circuit, I guess.

A simple PWM circuit would include an oscillator (or a square signal generator, doesn't matter) driving a transistor in a predictable pattern (turning it on for 1/3rd of the time), the aforementioned transistor, and a capacitor to smooth the ripples out. If for 1 out of 3 seconds it's 12V, and for the remaining 2 seconds it's 0V, then (12+0+0)/3 = 4V. The current rating would depend on the load and the transistor's ability. For higher loads it may be advisable to drive a second-stage, high current transistor. Also, saturation concerns come to mind, but that's a different story.

There is a third option, but it's overkill in this situation -- using a transistor and a capacitor to form a resonant circuit driving a transformer. However, this type of design is typically found in applications where the voltage needs to be stepped up, not down (ie. LCD/keyboard backlights, cold-cathode lights and the like).

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