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C3 carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis. This process converts co2 and ribulose bisphosphate into 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:

6 CO2 + 6 RuBP → 12 3-phosphoglycerate

In C4 , carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this reaction rather than directly from the air.

Since every CO2 molecule has to be fixed twice, the C4 pathway is more energy-consuming than the C3 pathway. The C3 pathway requires 18 ATP for the synthesis of one molecule of glucose while the C4 pathway requires 30 ATP. But since otherwise tropical plants lose more than half of photosynthetic carbon in photorespiration, the C4 pathway is an adaptive mechanism for minimizing the loss.

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