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Chromosomes are mostly DNA not proteins, but there are small proteins that "package" and protect the DNA. These proteins are somewhat different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

  • Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome. In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes.
  • In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin.
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