gain
Phosphorus can gain up to three electrons to achieve a full outer shell and form the phosphide ion (P3-), or lose up to three electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration and form the phosphorus cation (P3+).
Phosphorus typically gains or loses electrons through chemical reactions, particularly in the formation of phosphates. In its most common oxidation states, phosphorus can lose three electrons to achieve a +3 oxidation state or five electrons for a +5 state. It can also gain electrons when forming compounds with more electronegative elements, achieving negative oxidation states like -3 in phosphides. Overall, phosphorus can both gain and lose electrons depending on the chemical context.
Krypton tends to neither lose nor gain electrons since it has a full outer electron shell, making it stable.
Iodine typically gains an electron to form a -1 ion.
gain
gain
Phosphorus will gain 3 electrons to form an ion with a 3- charge (P3-). This is because phosphorus has 5 valence electrons and needs to achieve a stable electron configuration like a noble gas. By gaining 3 electrons, phosphorus can achieve the electron configuration of argon.
Sulfur can both gain and lose electrons when forming ions. It can gain two electrons to form a sulfide ion (S2-) or lose two electrons to form a sulfide ion (S2+).
Potassium will lose 1 electron to form a 1+ ion.
Phosphorus can gain up to three electrons to achieve a full outer shell and form the phosphide ion (P3-), or lose up to three electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration and form the phosphorus cation (P3+).
Oxygen will gain two electrons to achieve a full outer shell.
Because Sodium is in group 1, it tends to lose one electron when forming an ion, therefore having a charge of +1
As fluorine is a halogen (the group in which the elements are more reactive as they are one electron lesser than that of the octet configuration)and hence it can only gain electrons.
Cl has a tendency to gin electrons in a reaction, this is due to the fact that it has 7 electrons already, its much easier for chlorine to gain one more electron to have a full shell than to lose 7 and have a full shell.
Bromine typically gains one electron when forming an ion to achieve a stable electron configuration. The electron configuration for a bromine ion is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6, which is the same as that of a noble gas.
Fluorine will gain one electron to fill its outer shell and achieve a stable noble gas configuration when forming an ion.