A species (element, cation or anion) should have eight valence electrons to have a noble gas electronic configuration. However element upto atomic number 4 may have 2 valence electrons and attain the electronic configuration of helium noble gas.
Krypton is a noble gas and need not lose electrons. It is already stable.
Oxygen should gain 2 electrons to achieve noble gas configuration
For most elements, a complete outer shell, like that of a noble gas, has eight electrons. There are exceptions. Helium, which is the most noble of the noble gases, has only two electrons in its outer shell. A few other light elements only need two (and hydrogen can also exist with no electrons at all, in the form of a naked proton, which is also a form of completion for the outer shell).
An atom of nitrogen needs 3 more electrons to achieve a stable, noble gas electron configuration. This would give nitrogen a total of 8 valence electrons, making it isoelectronic with a noble gas (in this case, neon).
Sulfur has six valence electrons and is in group 16 of the periodic table. To achieve a stable noble gas configuration, it needs to lose two electrons, resulting in a positive charge of +2, similar to the electron configuration of neon. This loss allows sulfur to attain a full outer shell, characteristic of noble gases.
They should gain 2 electrons to attain noble gas electronic configuration. (it doesn't become a noble gas as the number of protons are not same)
Krypton is a noble gas and need not lose electrons. It is already stable.
Calcium (Ca) has 20 electrons in its neutral state. To attain a noble gas electron configuration (like argon), calcium would need to lose 2 electrons to have the same electron configuration as argon, as argon has 18 electrons.
Oxygen should gain 2 electrons to achieve noble gas configuration
8 valence electrons are needed for an element to become stable, which is why the noble gases do not interact with any other elements. They are already stable. However, the exception is Helium, the first noble gas, which only has two valence electrons. 8 valence electrons are needed on the 2nd and 3rd valence shells for any molecule to become stable.
For most elements, a complete outer shell, like that of a noble gas, has eight electrons. There are exceptions. Helium, which is the most noble of the noble gases, has only two electrons in its outer shell. A few other light elements only need two (and hydrogen can also exist with no electrons at all, in the form of a naked proton, which is also a form of completion for the outer shell).
Sodium would need to lose one electron in order to obtain a full and stable outer shell, however it would be an ion with a positive charge
4 but it will need energy, so carbon gain 4 electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration.
An atom of nitrogen needs 3 more electrons to achieve a stable, noble gas electron configuration. This would give nitrogen a total of 8 valence electrons, making it isoelectronic with a noble gas (in this case, neon).
Sulfur has six valence electrons and is in group 16 of the periodic table. To achieve a stable noble gas configuration, it needs to lose two electrons, resulting in a positive charge of +2, similar to the electron configuration of neon. This loss allows sulfur to attain a full outer shell, characteristic of noble gases.
An atom with atomic number n needs to gain enough electrons to have the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas in the periodic table. This would typically involve gaining 8 electrons to achieve the stable electronic configuration of a noble gas.
Calcium has to lose 2 electrons to form noble gas configuration.