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What biochemical tool would be use to cut a plasmid?
Restriction enzymes would be used to cut a plasmid. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at those sites. This allows for the insertion of desired DNA sequences into the plasmid.
What substance is used to cut DNA?
restriction endonuclease
What happens a DNA nucleotide that contains guanine is accidentally substituted for a DNA nucleotide that contains thymine?
This substitution would result in a mismatched base pair, with guanine pairing with thymine instead of cytosine. During DNA replication, this can lead to a mutation in the DNA sequence if not corrected by the DNA repair mechanisms. The mutation can potentially affect the functioning of the gene where it occurs.
How does bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?
In order to protect the bacterial genomic DNA from its own restriction enzymes, bacterial cells employ a system, wherein methyl transferases methylate certain bases on the DNA sequence, making them unrecognizable to the restriction enzymes.Each restriction enzyme has a methylase associated with it on the chromosome. This methylase puts methyl groups on the host DNA, and the restriction enzyme doesn't recognize its recognition sequence when it is so methlyated. The host DNA is thus protected from the actions of its own restriction enzyme.Incoming (foreign) DNA is unlikely to be protected (methylated) in the same manner, thus this invading DNA is digested by the hosts restriction enzyme(s).When working in cloning experiments, the principle is the same -- DNA to be digested is carried by a plasmid in a host that does not methylate DNA in the pattern that would cause the restriction enzyme to see it as protected, thus it is cut. DNA generated by PCR is similarly unmethylated, and is therefore also digested.Some enzymes won't cut DNA isolated from dam+ or dcm+ hosts (two common bacterial methylases), thus one must know the genotype of the host cloning strain if using a restriction enzyme whose action is blocked by dam ordcmmethylation.
Would a mutation be worse if it was in a gamete or in a regular body cell?
A mutation in a gamete would be more concerning because it can be passed on to offspring and potentially affect future generations. In contrast, a mutation in a regular body cell would generally only affect the individual in which it occurs.
Which pair of enzymes is necessary to make recombinant DNA?
Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase are necessary to make recombinant DNA. Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific sequences, while DNA ligase is used to join together pieces of DNA from different sources.
How can a mutation that alters a recognition site be detected in gel electrophoresis?
The point mutation has to result in either the removal of a restriction site of the restriction enzymes or the formation of a new one, such that the bands of mutated DNA that form after performing gel electrophoresis are different from the normal one. So a difference in banding patterns would mean that there is a point mutation.
What biochemical tool would be use to cut a plasmid?
Restriction enzymes would be used to cut a plasmid. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA at those sites. This allows for the insertion of desired DNA sequences into the plasmid.
Why do bacteria naturally contain restriction enzymes?
Restriction enzymes are the bacteria's form of an 'immune system' against viruses (which can infect bacteria). When viruses try to insert their own DNA into a bacteria's genome, the restriction enzymes detect this foreign DNA and cut it out so that the viruses can't replicate and kill the cell.
How does a mutation in a cell affect an organism?
A mutation in a sex cell means that the mutation can be passed on to the individuals offspring. If the mutation just occurred in a somatic cell, it would not be passed down.
Why restriction enzyme cannot cut its own DNA?
Restriction enzymes are produced by bacteria to help destroy foreign, invading DNA, such as the DNA of bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacterial cells). Every restriction enzyme comes with a methylase enzyme, or more specifically, a DNA methyltransferase. The methylase enzyme methylates (adds a methyl group) to the restriction endonuclease site on the cell's own DNA, which protects the sites from the restriction enzyme so that it does not degrade its own DNA.
A mutation in the genes for salivary amylase will greatly affect the chemical digestion of what?
Amylase is responsible for the digestion of starches in the body. If a mutation occurred in the genes coding for the production of amylase, this would interfere with the body's ability to digest starches and other complex carbohydrates (which begins in the mouth with enzymes from the salivary glands).
What substance is used to cut DNA?
restriction endonuclease
What happens a DNA nucleotide that contains guanine is accidentally substituted for a DNA nucleotide that contains thymine?
This substitution would result in a mismatched base pair, with guanine pairing with thymine instead of cytosine. During DNA replication, this can lead to a mutation in the DNA sequence if not corrected by the DNA repair mechanisms. The mutation can potentially affect the functioning of the gene where it occurs.
What is the biochemical tool that scientists use to cut plasmid?
Scientists use enzymes known as restriction endonucleases to cut plasmid DNA at specific sequences. These enzymes recognize and cleave DNA at specific sites, allowing researchers to manipulate the plasmid for various genetic engineering applications.
Assuming a circular piece of DNA was used as starting material how many restriction sites were there in lane three?
It takes one restriction enzyme to cut a linear piece of DNA (straight line) into two pieces. For a circular piece of DNA (plasmid), it would take two of these restriction enzymes - just think of how you would split a circle into two pieces; cutting one section will only straighten out the DNA, not split it (try cutting a rubber band for a visual).The answer to this question is completely dependent on the number of bands (representing different DNA fragment sizes) the lane produced. Since the first cut on a circular piece of DNA breaks the circle, then each consecutive cut will proceed as a linear band of DNA would.For example, if lane three produced four bands, then it took a total of three restriction enzymes (each enzyme reacting to one restriction site). Below is an example of the linear piece of DNA from lane three, with each "|" representing a restriction site. Notice how there are three restriction sites, but four fragments ("----") are produced.---- | ---- | ---- | ----As explained earlier, if a circular piece of DNA were cut to produce a linear piece like the one above, it would take one restriction site. From there, the enzymes proceed like the ones in the above example. Therefore, a circular piece of DNA that produced four bands would have used four restriction enzymes, whereas a linear piece of DNA that produced four bands would have used three restriction enzymes.
How does bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?
In order to protect the bacterial genomic DNA from its own restriction enzymes, bacterial cells employ a system, wherein methyl transferases methylate certain bases on the DNA sequence, making them unrecognizable to the restriction enzymes.Each restriction enzyme has a methylase associated with it on the chromosome. This methylase puts methyl groups on the host DNA, and the restriction enzyme doesn't recognize its recognition sequence when it is so methlyated. The host DNA is thus protected from the actions of its own restriction enzyme.Incoming (foreign) DNA is unlikely to be protected (methylated) in the same manner, thus this invading DNA is digested by the hosts restriction enzyme(s).When working in cloning experiments, the principle is the same -- DNA to be digested is carried by a plasmid in a host that does not methylate DNA in the pattern that would cause the restriction enzyme to see it as protected, thus it is cut. DNA generated by PCR is similarly unmethylated, and is therefore also digested.Some enzymes won't cut DNA isolated from dam+ or dcm+ hosts (two common bacterial methylases), thus one must know the genotype of the host cloning strain if using a restriction enzyme whose action is blocked by dam ordcmmethylation.
