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The original prokaryotic cells are believed to have arisen around 3.5 billion years ago and are the ancestors of all modern life. They exhibit a simple structure, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, which distinguishes them from eukaryotic cells. The relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is fundamental to understanding evolution, as eukaryotes are thought to have evolved from a symbiotic relationship between different prokaryotic species. This endosymbiotic theory suggests that certain organelles in eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from absorbed prokaryotic cells.

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