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An x-ray is a short wavelength, high frequency, high energy electromagnetic radiation lying between ultra-violet and gamma rays on the EM spectrum. Because they are so energetic, they can easily penetrate light materials (such as biological tissue), but are blocked by denser materials (such as metals or bone)

X-rays, which were discovered in 1895 by German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen. They are produced when high-speed electrons, accelerated by a high voltage, collide with nuclei in a metal target. The x-ray spectrum consists of a continuous bremsstrahlung emission, and characteristic, narrow emission lines which are specific to the material in the target.

When incident upon a surface, x-rays diffract, enabling us to determine properties of the material, such as its composition and structure.

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