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The hot rock that erupts through openings in Earth's surface is known as magma when it is below the surface and lava once it reaches the surface. This process occurs during volcanic eruptions, where pressure builds up within the Earth's crust and forces the molten rock to escape. The eruptions can vary in intensity, producing various forms of volcanic activity, including explosive blasts or gentle flows of lava. Over time, these eruptions can build up volcanic landforms such as mountains and islands.

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