What are chemical forces?

Answer 1

Molecules are composed of two or more atoms linked together. The attractive forces that link these atoms together are called chemical bonds. The same idea is with forces , except on a larger scale. Forces link MOLECULES to MOLECULES. Bonds link ATOMS to ATOMS.

Answer 2

1) Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction between molecules.

Intermolecular forces include the London force, induced dipole, dipole-dipole force, and Hydrogen bonding.

London forces exist between all molecules, both polar and nonpolar. Simply put, they are caused by the attraction between the positive nuclei of one molecule for the negative electrons of another another molecule. The larger the molecule, the stronger the London force is.

Dipole-dipole forces occur between polar molecules. The relatively large differences in electronegativity in polar molecules give the molecule partial charges. The less electronegative end is the positive dipole and has partial positive charge, the more electronegative end has a partial negative charge. The negative dipole of one molecule is attracted the the positive dipole of another. Dipole dipole forces are stronger than London dispersion forces.

Hydrogen bonding occurs between a hydrogen atom (bonded to N, O, or F) of one molecule and a highly electronegative atom of another molecule (nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine). It is the strongest intermolecular force.

2) Even stronger are intramolecular forces-the forces between the atoms within a molecule. Intramolecular forces include ionic bonds, metallic bonds, and covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are generally the most difficult to break.

Ionic bonds usually occur between when the difference in electronegativity between atoms is 1.7 or greater. It involves a transfer of electrons from the less electronegative atom to the more electronegative atom (since more electronegative elements have a greater ability of attracting electron pairs toward itself), so that the less electronegative atom becomes a positive cation and the more electronegative atom becomes a negative anion. The electrostatic attraction between these two oppositely charged ions creates an ionic bond.

Metallic bonds occur between positive metallic cations, which are attracted to their negative delocalized electrons, which move around the positive cations.

Covalent bonds result from the sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

Answer 3

Chemical forces are interactions between atoms and molecules that hold them together in compounds. These forces include ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. They determine the structure and properties of substances.