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The region of the viral genome (DNA in DNA tumor-viruses or RNA in RNA-tumor viruses) that can cause a tumor is called an oncogene. This foreign gene can be carried into a cell by the virus and cause the host cell to take on new properties such as immortalization and anchorage-independent growth.
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What do Proto-oncogenes regulate?
Proto-oncogenes stop cells dividing too often. When a mutation occurs to proto-oncogenes this is when cancer can occur, as there is then no hay-flick limit (normally cells have a limit to how many times then can divide) cells are able to replicate uncontrollably.
What do oncogenes normally encode for?
Oncogenes typically encode for proteins that promote cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated or overexpressed, they can drive uncontrolled cell growth, leading to the development of cancer.
What structure will code for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis?
Proteins that promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis are primarily encoded by proto-oncogenes, which include genes such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and anti-apoptotic factors like Bcl-2. These proteins work together to regulate cell division and survival, ensuring proper progression through the cell cycle and inhibiting programmed cell death. Mutations or dysregulation of these genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and contribute to cancer development.
When proto-oncogenes mutate they may become?
They are called oncogenes.
What factor does not affect the rate of the cell cycle?
One factor that does not affect the rate of the cell cycle is the size of the organism. While the size and complexity of an organism can influence the rate at which individual cells divide, the intrinsic mechanisms and regulatory pathways that control the cell cycle operate independently of the overall size of the organism. Factors such as nutrient availability, growth signals, and DNA integrity are more directly involved in regulating cell cycle progression.
What are proto-oncogenes and how do they differ from oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that help regulate cell growth and division. When mutated or altered, they can become oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth and can lead to cancer. The main difference is that proto-oncogenes are normal genes that can become oncogenes through mutations.
What do Proto-oncogenes regulate?
Proto-oncogenes stop cells dividing too often. When a mutation occurs to proto-oncogenes this is when cancer can occur, as there is then no hay-flick limit (normally cells have a limit to how many times then can divide) cells are able to replicate uncontrollably.
How do DNA mutations affect cells?
Cells are dividing through the processes of Mitosis and Meiosis. DNA mutations directly affect cells by making them divide non-stop. This is known as Cancer. Proto-oncogenes, a gene involved in cell division mutates and becomes oncogenes that orders cell mechanism of division to go on continously even though the DNA found in a cell's nucleus is already damaged. this causes abnormal cell division.
How can disruptions in the cell cycle lead to cancer?
Disruptions in the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell division, which is a hallmark of cancer. Mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle, such as tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, can promote the growth of cancer cells. This uncontrolled division allows cells to accumulate additional mutations that can lead to tumor formation and cancer development.
What can cause the cell cycle to become uncontrolled?
Mutations in genes that control cell division, such as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, can lead to uncontrolled cell cycle progression. Environmental factors like radiation or chemicals can also disrupt cell cycle regulation. Additionally, viruses can integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome, affecting cell cycle control.
What do oncogenes normally encode for?
Oncogenes typically encode for proteins that promote cell growth and division. When these genes are mutated or overexpressed, they can drive uncontrolled cell growth, leading to the development of cancer.
Does mining affect the cell cycle?
yes
What type of viral gene can cause cancer in its host cell?
ONCOGENES
What Genes handle proteins necessary for cell division?
proto-oncogenes
What is cell division controlled by?
Genes called proto-oncogenes stop a cell from dividing too often.
How does the cell cycle relate to cancer growth?
A growth factor is a signaling molecule which is secreted by the cell and sensed by itself and other cells. They are capable of stimulating cellular growth, proliferation, and cellular differentiation. Usually it is a protein or a steroid hormone. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
How oncogenes are produced form proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes are genes whose products promote cell growth and division. They do this by encoding transcription factors that stimulate the expression of other genes, signal transduction molecules that stimulate cell division, or cell cycle regulators that move the ell through the cell cycle. Proto-oncogene products may be located in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus, and their activities are controlled in various ways, including regulation at the transcpritional, translational, and protein-modification levels. When cells become quiescent and cease division, they repress the expression of most proto-oncogene products. In cancer cells, one or more proto-oncogenes are altered in such a way that tier activities cannot be controlled in a normal fashion. This is sometimes due to a mutation in the proto-oncogene resulting in a protein product that acts abnormally. In other cases, proto-oncogenes may encode normal protein products, but the genes are overexpressed or cannot be transcriptionally repressed at the correct time. In these cases, the proto-oncogene product is continually in an "on" state, which may constantly stimulate the cell to divide. When a proto-oncogene is mutated or aberrantly expressed, and contributes to the development of cancer, it is known as an oncogene. Oncogenes are those that have experienced a gain-of-function alteration. As a result, only one allele of a proto-oncogene needs to be mutated or mis-expressed in order to trigger uncontrolled growth. Hence, oncogenes confer a dominant cancer phenotype.
