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In an atom, the nucleus contains protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged (+1) and neutrons are neutral (as the name suggests) and therefore have no charge.

In the Periodic Table, the proton number is shown with the Atomic Mass of an element.

Going around the outside of the nucleus are electronsthanks to electromagnetic force. Electrons are negatively charged (-1).

An atom has an equal amount of protons and electrons to make the overall charge zero. When there are fewer electrons, the atom becomes a positive ion, and when there are additional electrons the atom becomes a negative ion.

Electrons are arranged in 'rings' called electron shells. The first shell (closest around the nucleus) can only have two electrons to fill it up. The other shells can have up to eight. The more shells between the nucleus of an atom and the outer shell the easier it is for the atom to lose electrons through bonding to others. This is because the forces are weaker than if there were only a couple of shells.

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