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One method involves the CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLING where the geneticist does exactly that. They take a sample from the embryo's outermost extra-embryonic membrane, the chorion, that forms villi which penetrate the endometrium and serve as a means of substance exchange. From this sample, they map the karyotype of the cells and scan the DNA for lethal genes. The other method is an AMNIOCENTESIS. This is where a thin, hollow needle is pushed through the abdomen and into the amniotic cavity in order to remove a sample of the amniotic fluid so embryonic cells can be collected, the DNA isolated and the karyotype scanned. Both these methods can be used to discover whether the child has, for example, down's syndrome, sickle cell anaemia or albinism. Of course, other non-invasive methods can be carried out such as drawing up a pedigree diagram where the families of the parents are investigated and the possibilities of having recurring recessive lethal genes can be looked at.

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