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Through geologic time, volcanic eruptions have shaped Earth's environment in many ways. The eruption of volcanoes built the continents on which we live. We owe much of the composition of our atmosphere to volcanic eruptions on the early Earth. Our oceans formed from water expelled during these same eruptions. Some of the world's richest farmland draws its fertility from minerals provided by nearby volcanoes. Volcanoes, particularly collapsed calderas, can develop geothermal systems when groundwater or rainwater seep into the volcano. Geothermally powered electric generating stations provide electricity in Iceland, Italy, and New Zealand. Volcanic processes are also responsible for precious and non-precious mineral deposits, which are formed when minerals precipitate from geothermal waters circulating in the rocks beneath and around volcanoes.

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16y ago

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