In order to neutralize the virus, the proteins fro the surface of the virus is used. There are more than a single surface glycoprotein in a single virus and the best antigen must be chosen.
We conclude that something must be renewing or eroding the surface.
Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the fluid mosaic model.
Ribosomes build up proteins. They provide surface for that
Proteins are produced by ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Its surface is relatively young and therefore that there are internal mechanisms that are or have been recycling the surface.
the RNA of the defective genes
DNA of harmless bacteria or viruses.
Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to create a response against a specific pathogen. However, protozoa, being complex organisms, have different mechanisms of evading the immune response compared to bacteria or viruses. Developing vaccines against protozoal diseases is challenging because of the complexity of protozoa and their ability to change their surface proteins, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and target them effectively.
We conclude that something must be renewing or eroding the surface.
Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the fluid mosaic model.
Ribosomes build up proteins. They provide surface for that
Proteins are produced by ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
proteins on the surface of red blood cells
Its surface is relatively young and therefore that there are internal mechanisms that are or have been recycling the surface.
the surface proteins on viruses
Peripheral proteins are proteins found on the outer surface of the cell membrane. They are not embedded within the lipid bilayer, unlike integral proteins. These proteins often serve as receptors for signaling molecules or help with cell adhesion.
Surface proteins are located on the outer or inner surfaces of the cell membrane, often acting as receptors or recognition sites, while membrane-spanning proteins, also known as integral proteins, extend across the entire membrane, embedding themselves in the lipid bilayer. Surface proteins typically do not penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane, whereas membrane-spanning proteins have hydrophobic regions that interact with the lipid bilayer. This structural difference influences their functions, with surface proteins often being involved in signaling and interaction, and membrane-spanning proteins facilitating transport or forming channels.