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In order to neutralize the virus, the proteins fro the surface of the virus is used. There are more than a single surface glycoprotein in a single virus and the best antigen must be chosen.

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Vaccines can now be genetically engineered by inserting the genes that encode the pathogen's surface proteins into the what?

the RNA of the defective genes


Vaccines can now be genetically engineered by inserting the genes that encode the pathogen's surface proteins into the?

DNA of harmless bacteria or viruses.


What are Proteins on the surface of viral particles called?

Proteins on the surface of viral particles are called viral glycoproteins or envelope proteins. These proteins play crucial roles in the virus's ability to attach to and enter host cells, as they often interact with specific receptors on the host cell surface. Additionally, they can elicit immune responses, making them important targets for vaccines and antiviral therapies.


Why vaccine is not effective against protozoal diseases?

Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to create a response against a specific pathogen. However, protozoa, being complex organisms, have different mechanisms of evading the immune response compared to bacteria or viruses. Developing vaccines against protozoal diseases is challenging because of the complexity of protozoa and their ability to change their surface proteins, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and target them effectively.


What do we conclude if a planet has few impact craters of any size?

We conclude that something must be renewing or eroding the surface.


Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as?

Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the fluid mosaic model.


What are the spikes of a virus and what are the functions?

The spikes of a virus, often referred to as spike proteins, are protruding structures on the virus's surface that play a crucial role in its ability to infect host cells. These proteins facilitate the binding of the virus to specific receptors on the surface of host cells, enabling entry into the cell. Additionally, spike proteins can trigger immune responses, as they are recognized by the host's immune system, making them important targets for vaccines and therapeutic interventions. Overall, they are essential for viral attachment, entry, and immune evasion.


What build proteins?

Ribosomes build up proteins. They provide surface for that


Enzymes are proteins and proteins are produced in what organelle?

Proteins are produced by ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


Proteins on the outside of the aids virus bind to what?

proteins on the surface of red blood cells


What do you conclude if a planet has few craters of any size?

Its surface is relatively young and therefore that there are internal mechanisms that are or have been recycling the surface.


Peripheral protein on the outer surface?

Peripheral proteins are proteins found on the outer surface of the cell membrane. They are not embedded within the lipid bilayer, unlike integral proteins. These proteins often serve as receptors for signaling molecules or help with cell adhesion.