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In order to neutralize the virus, the proteins fro the surface of the virus is used. There are more than a single surface glycoprotein in a single virus and the best antigen must be chosen.

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10y ago

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Vaccines can now be genetically engineered by inserting the genes that encode the pathogen's surface proteins into the what?

the RNA of the defective genes


Vaccines can now be genetically engineered by inserting the genes that encode the pathogen's surface proteins into the?

DNA of harmless bacteria or viruses.


Why vaccine is not effective against protozoal diseases?

Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to create a response against a specific pathogen. However, protozoa, being complex organisms, have different mechanisms of evading the immune response compared to bacteria or viruses. Developing vaccines against protozoal diseases is challenging because of the complexity of protozoa and their ability to change their surface proteins, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize and target them effectively.


What do we conclude if a planet has few impact craters of any size?

We conclude that something must be renewing or eroding the surface.


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Proteins make a pattern on the surface known as the fluid mosaic model.


What build proteins?

Ribosomes build up proteins. They provide surface for that


Enzymes are proteins and proteins are produced in what organelle?

Proteins are produced by ribosomes on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.


Proteins on the outside of the aids virus bind to what?

proteins on the surface of red blood cells


What do you conclude if a planet has few craters of any size?

Its surface is relatively young and therefore that there are internal mechanisms that are or have been recycling the surface.


What does c5h12 stand for?

the surface proteins on viruses


Peripheral protein on the outer surface?

Peripheral proteins are proteins found on the outer surface of the cell membrane. They are not embedded within the lipid bilayer, unlike integral proteins. These proteins often serve as receptors for signaling molecules or help with cell adhesion.


What is the difference between the position of the surface proteins and the membrane-spanning proteins?

Surface proteins are located on the outer or inner surfaces of the cell membrane, often acting as receptors or recognition sites, while membrane-spanning proteins, also known as integral proteins, extend across the entire membrane, embedding themselves in the lipid bilayer. Surface proteins typically do not penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane, whereas membrane-spanning proteins have hydrophobic regions that interact with the lipid bilayer. This structural difference influences their functions, with surface proteins often being involved in signaling and interaction, and membrane-spanning proteins facilitating transport or forming channels.