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Real gases have non-zero volume and experience intermolecular forces, which contradict the assumptions of kinetic-molecular theory that gases consist of point particles with no volume and that there are no intermolecular forces present. Real gases also deviate from ideal behavior at high pressures and low temperatures, which is not accounted for in the kinetic-molecular theory.

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What two characteristics of liquid oxygen contradict predictions from the valence bond theory but are explained by the molecular orbital theory?

Liquid oxygen exhibits paramagnetism and a relatively low boiling point, characteristics that contradict predictions from the valence bond theory. Valence bond theory suggests that all electrons in O2 should be paired, leading to diamagnetism; however, molecular orbital theory accounts for the presence of unpaired electrons in the antibonding π* orbitals, resulting in paramagnetism. Additionally, the molecular orbital theory explains the lower boiling point of liquid oxygen compared to other diatomic molecules by considering the weaker intermolecular forces due to its electronic configuration.


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Refers to the routine work of scientists experimenting with an established theory without attempting to challenge the underlying assumptions of that theory.


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The neoclassical model assumes that individuals are rational, markets are perfectly competitive, resources are scarce, technology is constant, and individuals act to maximize their utility or profit. These assumptions form the foundation of neoclassical economic theory.


What are the assumptions of agency theory?

The assumptions of agency theory include self-interest on the part of agents, information asymmetry between principals and agents, and the need for monitoring and governance mechanisms to align the interests of both parties. It also assumes that agents may not always act in the best interest of the principals due to conflicting goals and incentives.

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