No cyclic process is possible whose result is the flow of heat out of a heat reservior at one temperature and the flow of an equal quantity of heat into a second reservior at a high temperature.
"Unavailable for doing work" is related to the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
It has several forms, all of which are more or less equivalent, even though they don't seem so, at first glance. For example:No heat engine can be more efficient than a theoretical Carnot engine. In a closed system, entropy can never decrease.There are irreversible processes.
William John Macquorn Rankine wrote in 1853:Definition of equal temperatures:Two portions of matter are said to have equal temperatures, when neither tends to communicate heat to the other.This appears to be the first formal statement of what we now call the zeroeth law. Clausius took it as a given in his work. It is one of those things that people commonly assumed but no one actually turned into a formal statement or law.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Actually Murphy's law has been suggested (humorously) as "the fourth law of thermodynamics". It is only peripherally related the the second law. One of the implications of the second law is that an increase in disorder in the universe is a consequence of natural processes. Some have suggested that Murphy's law (If any thing can go wrong, it will.) is an example of this. Strictly speaking - this is quite different from the 2nd law but when someone screws up, it sure does tend to cause a lot of disorder!
Thermodynamic cycle is based on 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Entropy is closely related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics, not the 1st law. The 1st law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted. Entropy, on the other hand, is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system, which increases over time according to the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
This statement is based on the second law of thermodynamics, which states that in any energy transformation, some energy is lost as waste heat and cannot be converted back into usable energy. This principle underlies many natural processes and technological systems.
An isolated system tend to equilibrium and entropy cannot decrease.
the second law of thermodynamics states that systems tend to change in a way that increases the disorder.
the second law of thermodynamics states that systems tend to change in a way that increases the disorder.
Yes - it is correct. That is why a violation of the 2nd law has never been observed.
Not exactly. The first law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law of conservation of energy, also accounts for heat as one of the many forms that energy can take. There is no one law called "the law of thermodynamics", but there are several "Laws of Thermodynamics" (note the plural form "LAWS").
relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy
Magic
The statement that there can be no perfect heat engines is declared by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This law states that it is impossible for any heat engine to have 100% efficiency in converting heat into work.
The 1st Law of thermodynamics is a restatement of the law of conservation of energy.