High serum sodium levels (hypernatremia ) occur at sodium concentrations over 145 mM
Complications of normal saline can include fluid overload, electrolyte imbalances (such as hypernatremia or hyperchloremia), and potential allergic reactions in some individuals. It may also cause swelling at the site of infusion or vein irritation.
Twice normal saline contains a higher concentration of salt compared to normal saline. When administered, it can increase the saltiness of the interstitial fluid by adding more salt to the body. This can lead to hypernatremia and potentially impact the salt balance in the body.
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Hypotonic solutions are indicated for intracellular dehydration, to rehydrate cells by moving water from the extracellular space into the cells. They are also used to treat conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis and hypernatremia. However, caution should be taken with hypotonic solutions as they can cause cellular swelling and potentially lead to fluid shift complications.
Hypernatremia is especially dangerous for children and the elderly
Severe hypernatremia has a mortality rate of 40-60%
Hypernatremia can cause neurological damage due to shrinkage of brain cells
Severe hypernatremia, with serum sodium above 152 mM, can result in seizures and death
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High serum sodium levels
Hypernatremia is the American English spelling of hypernatraemia, which has the same meaning in British English. It is a health condition where a person has too much sodium in the blood.