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How many valence electrons it has relative to the other elements in its row (which obviously has other implications which I won't get into). Each row has a specific amount of rings. Row 1 has 1 ring which can hold 2 electrons, thus hydrogen is in the first column with 1 electron in that valence ring and helium with 2 (a full ring). Rows 2 and 3 elements have 2 and 3 ring respectively and each of those rings can hold 8 electrons, thus 8 elements in each row with each successive element having 1 greater electron in that ring (their valence ring) than the previous element. Row 4 has elements which have all the previous rings filled but also start to fill the fourth ring (their valence ring) which now has 18 electrons it can hold. You see where I'm going with this...

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