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What effect does stimulation of the acetylcholine receptors of the heart have on cardiac output?
The effect would be an increase in cardiac output. However, there is a maximum level and then the heart would not have time to fill fully and the output would decrease.
What is the affect of the PNS on cardiac output?
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) primarily decreases cardiac output by lowering heart rate through the action of the vagus nerve. It releases acetylcholine, which binds to receptors in the heart, promoting a decrease in heart rate and slowing conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. While the PNS has a lesser effect on contractility compared to the sympathetic nervous system, its predominant role in reducing heart rate leads to an overall decrease in cardiac output. This balancing effect is crucial for maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion.
What is the preferred treatment to block the effect of excessive acetylcholine?
The preferred treatment to block the effects of excessive acetylcholine is the use of anticholinergic agents, such as atropine or glycopyrrolate. These medications work by competitively inhibiting acetylcholine receptors, thereby reducing the activity of acetylcholine in the body. This approach is commonly employed in conditions like organophosphate poisoning or certain types of bradycardia. Additionally, these agents can help manage symptoms associated with excessive cholinergic activity, such as excessive salivation or muscle spasms.
What is Overall effect of curare in an organism?
Curare is a plant-derived poison that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle relaxation and paralysis. This can result in impaired breathing and death if respiratory muscles are affected.
What effect does depolarization have on the motor end plate once action potentials arrive at the synaptic end bulb?
Depolarization at the motor end plate upon arrival of action potentials triggers the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. This acetylcholine then binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane, initiating muscle contraction by depolarizing the muscle cell membrane and allowing the action potential to propagate along the muscle fiber.
What effect does stimulation of the acetylcholine receptors of the heart have on cardiac output?
The effect would be an increase in cardiac output. However, there is a maximum level and then the heart would not have time to fill fully and the output would decrease.
What is the effect of pilocarpine on heart rate?
Pilocarpine stimulates the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic neurons. Therefore, it stimulates the effect of vagal stimulation on the heart.
What effect does Curare have on muscle tissue?
It blocks the nicotinic cholinergic receptors on the muscle that normally bind the acetylcholine released by the motor neuron.
What effect will organopesticides have on muscle tissue?
Organopesticides will increase the severity of muscle contraction beyond normal conditions. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition will allow a more than normal amount of acetylcholine to bind to receptors.
What is the response to parasympathetic stimulation of the iris of the eye?
Parasympathetic stimulation of the iris leads to the contraction of the sphincter pupillae muscle, resulting in miosis, or constriction of the pupil. This response is primarily mediated by the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic fibers, which activates muscarinic receptors in the iris. The overall effect is to reduce the amount of light entering the eye, which is particularly useful in bright lighting conditions.
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on this salivary glands?
Parasympathetic stimulation increases saliva production in the salivary glands by causing the release of acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the gland cells and triggers the secretion of saliva. This response helps with digestion and keeps the mouth moist.
What is the affect of the PNS on cardiac output?
The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) primarily decreases cardiac output by lowering heart rate through the action of the vagus nerve. It releases acetylcholine, which binds to receptors in the heart, promoting a decrease in heart rate and slowing conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. While the PNS has a lesser effect on contractility compared to the sympathetic nervous system, its predominant role in reducing heart rate leads to an overall decrease in cardiac output. This balancing effect is crucial for maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion.
How does a depressant affect the brain function?
They affect GABA, NMDA, opiod, adrenergic, histamine and acetylcholine receptors in your brain. Depressants can effect other parts of your brain aswell, these are just the parts of it that actually cause the depressant effects of the drugs. Alcohol for example effects the GABA, NMDA, acetylcholine and serotonin receptors but it's effect on the serotonin receptor doesn't cause any depressant effect but rather adds to the euphoric effects of alcohol.
How does jimson weed effect the body?
Its deliriants such as scopolamine act as competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This affects the parasympathetic nervous system and leads to numerous potentially dangerous issues.
What is the effect of curare on eliciting an action potential?
it is an alpha-toxin that binds to acetylcholine binding sites on the postsynaptic cell membrane, which prevents the acetylcholine from acting. Curare blocks synaptic transmission by preventing neural impulses to flow from neuron to neuron. It does allow the action potential to travel in the axon, it just doesn't pass it on to the dendrite.
Which neurotransmitter is released into the heart by the vagus nerves that slow the heart?
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic innervation of the heart releases acetylcholine from its varicosities (the sites where neurotransmitter is released). The acetylcholine binds to M-2 muscarinc receptors to mediate the negative chronotropic (slowing of heart rate) effect. This also mediates a negative inotropic (lowering of force of contraction) effect.
What is the preferred treatment to block the effect of excessive acetylcholine?
The preferred treatment to block the effects of excessive acetylcholine is the use of anticholinergic agents, such as atropine or glycopyrrolate. These medications work by competitively inhibiting acetylcholine receptors, thereby reducing the activity of acetylcholine in the body. This approach is commonly employed in conditions like organophosphate poisoning or certain types of bradycardia. Additionally, these agents can help manage symptoms associated with excessive cholinergic activity, such as excessive salivation or muscle spasms.
