pigment
The protein complex ATP synthase uses the energy from high-energy electrons to transport hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane during the process of photosynthesis. This creates a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP, which is an important energy carrier in the cell.
This is known as the electron transport chain, which occurs during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Electrons move along a series of carrier molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane or thylakoid membrane, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP or NADPH, respectively. The flow of electrons helps create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
carrier molecule1. A molecule that plays a role in transporting electrons through the electron transport chain. Carrier molecules are usually proteins bound to a nonprotein group; they can undergo oxidation and reduction relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to flow through the system. There are four types of carrier: flavoproteins (e.g. FAD), cytochromes, iron-sulphur proteins (e.g. ferredoxin), and ubiquinone.2. A lipid-soluble molecule that can bind to lipid-insoluble molecules and transport them across membranes. Carrier molecules have specific sites that interact with the molecules they transport. Several different molecules may compete for transport by the same carrier. See transport protein.
Electrons become excited in the electron transport chain due to the energy input from electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers donate the electrons to the proteins in the chain, creating a flow of electrons that drives the production of ATP.
Carrier-mediated transport can be either passive or active, depending on the type of carrier protein involved. Passive carrier-mediated transport allows molecules to move down their concentration gradient without requiring energy input, while active carrier-mediated transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy from ATP or an electrochemical gradient.
NADH is converted to NAD+ when it transfers high-energy electrons to the first electron carrier of the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain.
High-energy electrons are unstable and reactive, so they need carrier molecules to transport them safely without causing damage to the cell. Carrier molecules such as NADH and FADH2 can carry high-energy electrons during cellular respiration, allowing them to participate in energy-producing reactions without causing harm.
Mitochondrian
The protein complex ATP synthase uses the energy from high-energy electrons to transport hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane during the process of photosynthesis. This creates a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP, which is an important energy carrier in the cell.
The two energy carrier molecules used are NADH and FADH2. These molecules are produced during the citric acid cycle and deliver electrons to the electron transport chain, where they drive the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
nadh!
This is known as the electron transport chain, which occurs during cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Electrons move along a series of carrier molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane or thylakoid membrane, releasing energy that is used to generate ATP or NADPH, respectively. The flow of electrons helps create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
carrier molecule1. A molecule that plays a role in transporting electrons through the electron transport chain. Carrier molecules are usually proteins bound to a nonprotein group; they can undergo oxidation and reduction relatively easily, thus allowing electrons to flow through the system. There are four types of carrier: flavoproteins (e.g. FAD), cytochromes, iron-sulphur proteins (e.g. ferredoxin), and ubiquinone.2. A lipid-soluble molecule that can bind to lipid-insoluble molecules and transport them across membranes. Carrier molecules have specific sites that interact with the molecules they transport. Several different molecules may compete for transport by the same carrier. See transport protein.
Electrons become excited in the electron transport chain due to the energy input from electron carrier molecules like NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers donate the electrons to the proteins in the chain, creating a flow of electrons that drives the production of ATP.
To transport H+ ions out of the matrix.
To transport H+ ions out of the matrix.