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During the sputtering process in a hollow cathode lamp, a gas, typically an inert gas like argon, is ionized within the hollow cathode by applying a high voltage. This ionization creates positively charged ions that collide with the cathode material, causing atoms to be ejected or "sputtered" from its surface. These ejected atoms then enter the gas phase and can be excited by the energy from the plasma, leading to the emission of light at characteristic wavelengths when they return to a lower energy state. This process is crucial for generating the specific spectral lines used in various analytical applications, such as atomic absorption spectroscopy.

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