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Hyper-osmotic stress refers to a condition in which cells experience an increase in extracellular osmolarity, causing water to move out of the cells to balance solute concentrations. This can lead to cell shrinkage and disrupt normal cellular functions. Cells respond to hyper-osmotic stress by synthesizing or accumulating osmoprotective molecules, such as compatible solutes, to help restore osmotic balance and maintain cellular integrity. This stress is commonly encountered in various physiological and pathological conditions, including dehydration, high salt intake, and certain medical treatments.

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