It's called "calving"
meteorite.
A small piece of soot is called a "smut."
The term used to describe the movement of a glacier around small obstacles at its base is called "plucking." This process involves the glacier lifting and carrying rocks and debris as it flows over and around obstacles.
Depending on when it was formed, the size and speed it is moving it could be either an Avalanche or Glacier. If it is an incredibly old, slow moving, large, ice mass it is likely a Glacier; however if it is a quickly moving, small (relatively), ice mass it is an Avalanche.
the glacier dropped small rocks as it melted. An erratic is a large boulder left behind after a glacier has melted
A large detached piece of a glacier is called an iceberg. The process by which this happens is called calving.There isn't really a term for a detached piece of an iceberg. See related question.
meteorite.
A small piece of soot is called a "smut."
It can be if it rotts or falls into your bronchi.
A small piece or part of something like a piece of glass is called a shard.
A small piece of cloth is usually called a patch. A small piece of cloth could also be called a rag or a washcloth.
A small piece of cloth is usually called a patch. A small piece of cloth could also be called a rag or a washcloth.
A mouton, it is French for sheep because they look a little like sheep.
These winding ridges of sand and small bits of gravel formed from the outwash of a melting glacier are called eskers. They are created when meltwater streams flowing beneath or within the ice deposit sediments as the glacier retreats. Eskers typically have a sinuous shape due to the flowing water underneath the glacier.
Sinfonietta
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A small hill-like mound formed from the deposits as a glacier recedes is called a moraine. Moraines are composed of till, which is a mix of rock, sediment, and debris that the glacier carries and deposits as it moves and melts.