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Simple Diffusion - Lipid soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane of a cell, uses no ATP energy and only occurs down a concentration gradient.

Facilitated Diffusion - Molecules use the aid of proteins scattered throughout the plasma membrane to help them diffuse into or out of a cell, uses no ATP energy and only occurs down a concentration gradient.

Co-transport - A molecule such as glucose may have a lower concentration inside a cell than outside so it attaches to a carrier protein, as does a molecule that is higher in concentration inside than outside, a sodium ion for example. The glucose is pulled through the membrane because of its concentration gradient, as this happens the sodium ion is also pulled through. This uses no ATP energy but only occurs if a molecule can move down a concentration gradient (on an exam paper you would have to explain that the sodium moves against a concentration gradient to get full marks).

Active transport - A molecule uses the aid of carrier proteins to diffuse against a concentration gradient, this does use ATP energy. The ATP is needed to make the carrier protein change shape. This only occurs against a concentration gradient.

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